How to recognize a Leonard pair

Abstract: Let

V

denote a vector space with finite positive dimension. We consider an ordered pair of linear transformations

A : V i g h t a r r o w V

and

A^{*} : V i g h t a r r o w V

that satisfy (i) and (ii) below. (i) There exists a basis for

V

with respect to which the matrix representing

A

is irreducible tridiagonal and the matrix representing

A^{*}

is diagonal. (ii) There exists a basis for

V

with respect to which the matrix representing

A^{*}

is irreducible tridiagonal and the matrix representing

A

is diagonal. We call such a pair a Leonard pair on

V

. In the literature, there are some parameters that are used to describe Leonard pairs called the intersection numbers

{a_{i}}_{i = 0}^{d}

,

{b_{i}}_{i = 0}^{d - 1}

,

{c_{i}}_{i = 1}^{d}

, and the dual eigenvalues

{h e t a_{i}^{*}}_{i = 0}^{d}

. In this paper, we provide two characterizations of Leonard pairs. For the first characterization, the focus is on the

{a_{i}}_{i = 0}^{d}

and

{h e t a_{i}^{*}}_{i = 0}^{d}

. For the second characterization, the focus is on the

{b_{i}}_{i = 0}^{d - 1}

,

{c_{i}}_{i = 1}^{d}

, and

{h e t a_{i}^{*}}_{i = 0}^{d}

.

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