Balanced Leonard pairs

DOI10.1016/J.LAA.2006.06.025MaRDI QIDQ865446zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Kazumasa Nomura, Paul Terwilliger

Publication date 14 February 2007

Published in Linear Algebra and its Applications (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/math/0506219

zbMATH Keywords

Askey schemeLeonard pairq-Racah polynomialTerwilliger algebra

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Association schemes, strongly regular graphs (05E30) Linear transformations, semilinear transformations (15A04) Orthogonal polynomials and functions of hypergeometric type (Jacobi, Laguerre, Hermite, Askey scheme, etc.) (33C45) Basic orthogonal polynomials and functions (Askey-Wilson polynomials, etc.) (33D45)

Abstract: Let $K$ denote a field and let $V$ denote a vector space over $K$ with finite positive dimension. By a Leonard pair on $V$ we mean an ordered pair of linear transformations $A:VoV$ and $A^{\ast }:VoV$ that satisfy the following two conditions: (i) There exists a basis for $V$ with respect to which the matrix representing $A$ is irreducible tridiagonal and the matrix representing $A^{\ast }$ is diagonal. (ii) There exists a basis for $V$ with respect to which the matrix representing $A^{\ast }$ is irreducible tridiagonal and the matrix representing $A$ is diagonal. Let $v_0^{\ast },\mathrm{...},v_d^{\ast }$ (resp. $v_0,\mathrm{...},v_d$) denote a basis for $V$ that satisfies (i) (resp. (ii)). For $0leqileqd$ let $a_i$ denote the coefficient of $v_i^{\ast }$, when we write $A{v}_i^{\ast }$ as a linear combination of $v_0^{\ast },\mathrm{...},v_d^{\ast }$, and let $a_i^{\ast }$ denote the coefficient of $v_i$, when we write $A^{\ast }{v}_i$ as a linear combination of $v_0\mathrm{...},v_d$. In this paper we show $a_0=a_d$ if and only if $a_0^{\ast }=a_d^{\ast }$. Moreover we show that for $dgeq1$ the following are equivalent: (i) $a_0=a_d$ and $a_1=a_{d-1}$; (ii) $a_0^{\ast }=a_d^{\ast }$ and $a_1^{\ast }=a_{d-1}^{\ast }$; (iii) $a_i=a_{d-i}$ and $a_i^{\ast }=a_{d-i}^{\ast }$ for $0leqileqd$. We say $A$, $A^{\ast }$ is balanced whenever (i)--(iii) hold. We say $A$, $A^{\ast }$ is essentially bipartite (resp. essentially dual bipartite}) whenever $a_i$ (resp. $a_i^{\ast }$) is independent of $i$ for $0leqileqd$. Observe that if $A$, $A^{\ast }$ is essentially bipartite or dual bipartite, then $A$, $A^{\ast }$ is balanced. For $deq2$ we show that if $A$, $A^{\ast }$ is balanced then $A$, $A^{\ast }$ is essentially bipartite or dual bipartite.

Review text

Let \(V\) denote a finite-dimensional vector space over any field, dim\(\,V= d+1>0\). A Leonard pair \((A, A^*)\) is a pair of linear transformations \(A: V\to V\) and \(A^*: V\to V\) with the following properties: (i) There exists a basis \((v_i^*)\) of \(V\) such that the matrices of \(A\) and \(A^*\) with respect to this basis are irreducible tridiagonal and diagonal, respectively. (ii) There exists a basis \((v_i)\) of \(V\) such that the matrices of \(A^*\) and \(A\) with respect to this basis are irreducible tridiagonal and diagonal, respectively. Denote by \(a_i\) the \(i\)th entry in the main diagonal of the tridiagonal matrix representing \(A\) with respect to \((v_i^*)\), where \(0\leq i\leq d\). The scalars \(a_i^*\) are defined accordingly. The Leonard pair \((A, A^*)\) is said to be balanced if \(a_i=a_{d-i}\) and \(a_i^*=a_{d-i}^*\) for \(0\leq i\leq d\). The Leonard pair \((A, A^*)\) is said to be essentially bipartite (essentially dual bipartite) if \(a_i\) (\(a_i^*\)) is independent of \(i\) for \(0\leq i\leq d\). The authors show that \(a_0=a_d\) if, and only if, \(a_0^*=a_d^*\). Furthermore, the following assertions are shown to be equivalent: (i) \(a_0=a_d\) and \(a_1=a_{d-1}\); (ii) \(a_0^*=a_d^*\) and \(a_1^*=a_{d-1}^*\); and (iii) \((A, A^*)\) is balanced. For \(d\not=2\), the authors also prove that if \((A,A^*)\) is balanced then the pair \((A, A^*)\) is essentially bipartite or dual bipartite.

Recommendations

• How to recognize a Leonard pair
• A characterization of Leonard pairs using the parameters \(\{a_i\}^d_{i=0}\)
• Introduction to Leonard pairs.
• Affine transformations of a Leonard pair
• A characterization of Leonard pairs using the notion of a tail

Cites work

• Leonard pairs from 24 points of view.
• Tight distance-regular graphs and the Q-polynomial property
• Two linear transformations each tridiagonal with respect to an eigenbasis of the other
• Two linear transformations each tridiagonal with respect to an eigenbasis of the other; comments on the parameter array

Cited in

(29)

• Transition maps between the 24 bases for a Leonard pair
• Tridiagonal pairs and the \(q\)-tetrahedron algebra
• On the shape of a tridiagonal pair
• Self-dual Leonard pairs
• Leonard pairs having zero-diagonal TD-TD form
• Spin Leonard pairs
• A characterization of bipartite Leonard pairs using the notion of a tail
• Tridiagonal pairs of Krawtchouk type
• The switching element for a Leonard pair
• The determinant of \(AA^{*} - A^{*}A\) for a Leonard pair \(A,A^{*}\)
• TWO NON-NILPOTENT LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS THAT SATISFY THE CUBIC q-SERRE RELATIONS
• ON THE WITT INDEX OF THE BILINEAR FORM DETERMINED BY A LEONARD PAIR
• Leonard pairs having specified end-entries
• Bidiagonal pairs, the Lie algebra \(\mathfrak{sl}_2\), and the quantum group \(U_q(\mathfrak{sl}_2)\)
• How to recognize a Leonard pair
• scientific article; zbMATH DE number 7373356 (Why is no real title available?)
• Classical Leonard pairs having LB-TD form
• A classification of sharp tridiagonal pairs
• Compatibility and companions for Leonard pairs
• Near-bipartite Leonard pairs
• A bilinear form relating two Leonard systems
• The end-parameters of a Leonard pair
• Tridiagonal pairs of q-Racah type
• Linear transformations that are tridiagonal with respect to both eigenbases of a Leonard pair
• Sharp tridiagonal pairs
• Towards a classification of the tridiagonal pairs
• The structure of a tridiagonal pair
• Tridiagonal pairs and the -conjecture
• \(p\)-inverting pairs of linear transformations and the \(q\)-tetrahedron algebra

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