Balanced Leonard pairs

DOI10.1016/J.LAA.2006.06.025MaRDI QIDQ865446zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Kazumasa Nomura, Paul Terwilliger

Publication date 14 February 2007

Published in Linear Algebra and its Applications (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/math/0506219

zbMATH Keywords

Terwilliger algebraAskey schemeLeonard pairq-Racah polynomial

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Association schemes, strongly regular graphs (05E30) Orthogonal polynomials and functions of hypergeometric type (Jacobi, Laguerre, Hermite, Askey scheme, etc.) (33C45) Basic orthogonal polynomials and functions (Askey-Wilson polynomials, etc.) (33D45) Linear transformations, semilinear transformations (15A04)

Abstract: Let $K$ denote a field and let $V$ denote a vector space over $K$ with finite positive dimension. By a Leonard pair on $V$ we mean an ordered pair of linear transformations $A:VoV$ and $A^{\ast }:VoV$ that satisfy the following two conditions: (i) There exists a basis for $V$ with respect to which the matrix representing $A$ is irreducible tridiagonal and the matrix representing $A^{\ast }$ is diagonal. (ii) There exists a basis for $V$ with respect to which the matrix representing $A^{\ast }$ is irreducible tridiagonal and the matrix representing $A$ is diagonal. Let $v_0^{\ast },\mathrm{...},v_d^{\ast }$ (resp. $v_0,\mathrm{...},v_d$) denote a basis for $V$ that satisfies (i) (resp. (ii)). For $0leqileqd$ let $a_i$ denote the coefficient of $v_i^{\ast }$, when we write $A{v}_i^{\ast }$ as a linear combination of $v_0^{\ast },\mathrm{...},v_d^{\ast }$, and let $a_i^{\ast }$ denote the coefficient of $v_i$, when we write $A^{\ast }{v}_i$ as a linear combination of $v_0\mathrm{...},v_d$. In this paper we show $a_0=a_d$ if and only if $a_0^{\ast }=a_d^{\ast }$. Moreover we show that for $dgeq1$ the following are equivalent: (i) $a_0=a_d$ and $a_1=a_{d-1}$; (ii) $a_0^{\ast }=a_d^{\ast }$ and $a_1^{\ast }=a_{d-1}^{\ast }$; (iii) $a_i=a_{d-i}$ and $a_i^{\ast }=a_{d-i}^{\ast }$ for $0leqileqd$. We say $A$, $A^{\ast }$ is balanced whenever (i)--(iii) hold. We say $A$, $A^{\ast }$ is essentially bipartite (resp. essentially dual bipartite}) whenever $a_i$ (resp. $a_i^{\ast }$) is independent of $i$ for $0leqileqd$. Observe that if $A$, $A^{\ast }$ is essentially bipartite or dual bipartite, then $A$, $A^{\ast }$ is balanced. For $deq2$ we show that if $A$, $A^{\ast }$ is balanced then $A$, $A^{\ast }$ is essentially bipartite or dual bipartite.

Recommendations

• How to recognize a Leonard pair
• A characterization of Leonard pairs using the parameters \(\{a_i\}^d_{i=0}\)
• Introduction to Leonard pairs.
• Affine transformations of a Leonard pair
• A characterization of Leonard pairs using the notion of a tail

Cites work

• Leonard pairs from 24 points of view.
• Tight distance-regular graphs and the \(Q\)-polynomial property
• Two linear transformations each tridiagonal with respect to an eigenbasis of the other
• Two linear transformations each tridiagonal with respect to an eigenbasis of the other; comments on the parameter array

Cited in

(29)

• Tridiagonal pairs of Krawtchouk type
• A bilinear form relating two Leonard systems
• scientific article; zbMATH DE number 7373356 (Why is no real title available?)
• Towards a classification of the tridiagonal pairs
• The determinant of \(AA^{*} - A^{*}A\) for a Leonard pair \(A,A^{*}\)
• Leonard pairs having specified end-entries
• The structure of a tridiagonal pair
• Sharp tridiagonal pairs
• ON THE WITT INDEX OF THE BILINEAR FORM DETERMINED BY A LEONARD PAIR
• Spin Leonard pairs
• Tridiagonal pairs and the \(q\)-tetrahedron algebra
• Near-bipartite Leonard pairs
• Self-dual Leonard pairs
• Compatibility and companions for Leonard pairs
• TWO NON-NILPOTENT LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS THAT SATISFY THE CUBIC q-SERRE RELATIONS
• Tridiagonal pairs of \(q\)-Racah type
• A classification of sharp tridiagonal pairs
• Linear transformations that are tridiagonal with respect to both eigenbases of a Leonard pair
• Bidiagonal pairs, the Lie algebra \(\mathfrak{sl}_2\), and the quantum group \(U_q(\mathfrak{sl}_2)\)
• A characterization of bipartite Leonard pairs using the notion of a tail
• Transition maps between the 24 bases for a Leonard pair
• On the shape of a tridiagonal pair
• \(p\)-inverting pairs of linear transformations and the \(q\)-tetrahedron algebra
• Leonard pairs having zero-diagonal TD-TD form
• Classical Leonard pairs having LB-TD form
• How to recognize a Leonard pair
• The switching element for a Leonard pair
• The end-parameters of a Leonard pair
• Tridiagonal pairs and the \(\mu \)-conjecture

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