Fine scales of decay of operator semigroups

Asymptotic properties of solutions to ordinary differential equations (34D05) Linear differential equations in abstract spaces (34G10) Spectrum, resolvent (47A10) Groups and semigroups of linear operators (47D03) One-parameter semigroups and linear evolution equations (47D06)

Abstract: Motivated by potential applications to partial differential equations, we develop a theory of fine scales of decay rates for operator semigroups. The theory contains, unifies, and extends several notable results in the literature on decay of operator semigroups and yields a number of new ones. Its core is a new operator-theoretical method of deriving rates of decay combining ingredients from functional calculus, and complex, real and harmonic analysis. It also leads to several results of independent interest.

Review text

Many linear evolution equations can be rewritten in the form of an abstract Cauchy problem \(\dot{u}(t) + Au(t) = 0\) with initial condition \(u(0) = u_0\), where \(-A\) is the generator of a \(C_0\)-semigroup. The exponential stability of such equations is a classical and well-understood topic: the equation is exponentially stable if and only if \(\| e^{-At} \| \to 0\) as \(t \to \infty\).NEWLINENEWLINEIn contrast, the study of finer decay properties of solutions is far more subtle. First, by the above characterization of exponentially stability such a rate cannot hold for the whole underlying Banach space, but still for a dense subset. A natural and typical question is to determine the decay of classical solutions, i.e., the decay of solutions with initial values \(u_0 \in D(A)\), the domain of \(A\). It is known from a celebrated result of \textit{A. Borichev} and \textit{Y. Tomilov} [Math. Ann. 347, No. 2, 455--478 (2010; Zbl 1185.47044)] that on \textit{Hilbert spaces} the polynomial decay of classical solutions can be completely characterized by the growth of the resolvent of \(A\) on the imaginary axis. More precisely, for \(\alpha > 0\) one has \(\| T(t) A^{-1} \| = \mathcal{O}(| s |^{\alpha})\) if and only if \(\| T(t) A^{-1} \| = \mathcal{O}(t^{-1/\alpha})\) as \(t, | s | \to \infty\). Following the usual theme that working with resolvents is easier than working with the semigroups directly, the past years have shown that this result is extremely useful for determining the exact asymptotics of \textit{concrete} evolution equations. It is important to note that this precise characterization is only available in the important Hilbert space setting. It is known that in general Banach spaces similar results can only be valid up to logarithmic corrections and this is the best one can achieve with purely function-theoretical approaches.NEWLINENEWLINEThe article under review significantly broadens our understanding of optimal decay rates of evolution equations. In fact, it is very desired to generalize Borichev and Tomilov's result to finer growth scales and the article under review provides such results for the scale of slowly varying functions, i.e., products of polynomials and slowly varying functions. The operator-theoretic approach used by the authors in particular gives the following characterization.NEWLINENEWLINETheorem. Let \((e^{-tA})_{t \geq 0}\) be a bounded \(C_0\)-semigroup on a Hilbert space with \(\sigma(A) \cap i \mathbb{R} = \emptyset\). Then for \(\alpha > 0\) and \(\beta \geq 0\) the following are equivalent: {\parindent=0.7cm\begin{itemize}\item[(i)] \(\| (is + A)^{-1} \| = \mathcal{O}(| s |^{\alpha} (\log | s |)^{-\beta})\) as \(| s | \to \infty\), \item[(ii)] \(\| T(t)A^{-1} \| = \mathcal{O}(t^{-1/\alpha} (\log t)^{-\beta / \alpha})\) as \(t \to \infty\). NEWLINENEWLINE\end{itemize}} An analogous, but slightly weaker characterization holds for positive logarithmic powers as well. Further, with the same methods the authors can also characterize the decay of the derivatives \(AT(t)x\) of solutions for \(x \in D(A)\), i.e., the decay of \(\| T(t)A(\mathrm{Id} + A)^{-1} \|\) and the decay of \(\| T(t)A (\mathrm{Id} + A)^{-2} \|\), i.e., uniform decay rates on \(D(A) \cap \mathrm{rg}(A)\).

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