The Birkhoff-James orthogonality and norm attainment for multilinear maps (Q2033145)

The authors say that an element \(x\) of a Banach space \(X\) is Birkhoff-James orthogonal to an element \(y\) (written \(x\perp_B y\)) if \(\|x\|\le \|x+\lambda y\|\) for all \(\lambda\) in \(\mathbb{K}\). Given a norm attaining \(n\)-linear mapping \(A\colon X_1\times\cdots\times X_n\to Y\), the authors use \(M_A\) to denote the set of all \((x_1,\ldots,x_n)\) in \(S_{X_1}\times\cdots\times S_{X_n}\) such that \(\|A\|=\|A(x_1,\ldots,x_n)\|\) and say that a norm-attaining \(n\)-linear mapping \(A\colon X_1\times\cdots\times X_n\to Y\) has the BS property if for any \(n\)-linear mapping \(B\colon X_1\times\cdots\times X_n\to Y\) with \(A\perp_B B\), there exists \((x_1,\ldots,x_n)\) in \(M_A\) such that \(A(x_1,\ldots,x_n) \perp_BB(x_1,\ldots,x_n)\). The set of \(n\)-linear mappings from \(X_1\times\ldots \times X_n\) into \(Y\) with the BS property is denoted by \(\mathrm{BS}(X_1,\ldots, X_n;Y)\). The authors say that a Banach space \(X\) has property quasi-\(\alpha\) if there exist an index set \(I\), \(\{x_\alpha\}_{\alpha\in I}\) in \(S_X\), \(\{x_\alpha^*\}_{\alpha\in I}\) in \(S_{X^*}\) and \(\lambda\colon\{x_\alpha\}_{\alpha\in I}\to\mathbb{R}\) such that \begin{itemize} \item[(i)] \(x_\alpha^*(x_\alpha)=1\) all \(\alpha\in I\), \item[(ii)] \(|x_\alpha^*(x_\beta)|\le \lambda(x_\alpha)<1\) for all \(\alpha,\beta\) in \(I\) with \(\alpha\not=\beta\), \item[(iii)] for every extreme point \(e\) of the unit ball of \(X^{**}\) there is a set \(I_e\) in \(I\) such that \(te\in \overline{\{x_\alpha\}}^{w^*}_{\alpha\in I_e}\) for some \(t\) with \(|t|=1\) and \(r_e:=\sup\{\lambda(x_\alpha):\alpha\in I_e\}<1\). \end{itemize} The authors prove that if \(X_1,\ldots, X_n\) are Banach spaces, each having either property quasi-\(\alpha\) or the Radon-Nikodym property, then \(\mathrm{BS} (X_1,\ldots,x_n;Y)\) is dense in \(\mathcal{L}^n(X_1,\ldots,X_n;Y)\) for every Banach space \(Y\). In the second part of the paper, the authors look at the \(\mathrm{BS}\) property for operators on \(c_0\). They show that if \(Y\) is any Banach space and \(T\) is a norm-attaining operator from \(c_0\) to \(Y\) such that there is a finite subset \(A\) of \(\mathbb{N}\) with \(\|TP_A\|=\|T\|\) and \(\|T(I-P_A)\|<\|T\|\), then \(T\) does not have the BS property. Using this, they show that \(\mathrm{BS}(c_0;Y)\) is not dense in \(\mathcal{L}(c_0;Y)\) for any non-trivial Banach space \(Y\) and that for any Banach space \(Y\), the intersection of \(\mathrm{BS}(c_0;Y)\) with the set of compact operators from \(c_0\) to \(Y\) is the zero operator. Finally, they show that the zero operator is the only operator from \(c_0\) to \(c_0\) with the BS property.