Time-periodic Gelfand-Shilov spaces and global hypoellipticity on \(\mathbb{T}\times\mathbb{R}^n\) (Q2114127)

Given two parameters \(\sigma\geq 1\) and \(\mu\geq \frac{1}{2}\), the authors introduce the time-periodic Gelfand-Shilov space \({\mathcal S}_{\sigma,\mu}({\mathbb T}\times {\mathbb R}^n),\) consisting of the smooth, complex-valued functions \( u(t,x)\) defined on \({\mathbb T}\times {\mathbb R}^n,\) where \({\mathbb T}\) is the one-dimensional torus, for which there exist \(R,C>0\) such what \[ \sup_{t\in {\mathbb T}, x\in {\mathbb R}^n}\left|x^\alpha \partial^\beta_x\partial^k_t u(t,x)\right|\leq RC^{|\alpha+\beta|+k}(k!)^\sigma(\alpha!\beta!)^\mu\] for any \(\alpha, \beta\in {\mathbb N}_0^n \), \(k\in {\mathbb N}_0.\) This means that the function is in a Gelfand-Shilov class with respect to the spatial variable \(x\) but is periodic and has Gevrey-type regularity with respect to the time variable \(t.\) Let \(P(x,D_x)\) be a suitable elliptic operator on \({\mathbb R}^n\) with orthonormal basis of eigenfunctions \(\{\varphi_j(x)\}_{j\in {\mathbb N}}.\) The authors prove that an element \(u\) of the dual \({\mathcal S}'_{\sigma,\mu}({\mathbb T}\times {\mathbb R}^n)\) belongs to \({\mathcal S}_{\sigma,\mu}({\mathbb T}\times {\mathbb R}^n)\) if and only if it admits a Fourier series expansion \(u(t,x) = \sum_{j\in {\mathbb N}}u_j(t)\varphi_j (x)\) where the $u_j$ are functions in the periodic Gevrey class of order \(\sigma\) whose derivatives satisfy a certain condition. Also, the elements of the dual space are characterized in terms of their Fourier series development. As an application, the authors study the global hypoellipticity of the operator \(L = D_t + c(t)P(x,D_x).\) Here, \(c(t)\) belongs to some periodic Gevrey class and \(P(x,D_x)\) is a normal differential operator satisfying a suitable global ellipticity condition.