On the orthogonal exponential functions of a class of planar self-affine measures (Q2302932)

In this contribution, the authors study the spectrality and the non-spectrality of the planar self-affine measure \(\mu_{M,D}\), which are generated by an expanding real matrix \(M\in M_2(\mathbb R)\) and the digit set \(D\subset \mathbb R^2\) with \[ M= \begin{bmatrix} \rho^{-1} & \mathcal{C} \\ 0 & \rho^{-1} \end{bmatrix} \quad (0<|\rho|<1) \qquad \text{and} \quad D= \left \{ \binom{0}{0}, \binom{1}{0}, \binom{0}{1} \right \}. \] They prove that \(L^2(\mu_{M,D})\) admits an infinite orthogonal set of exponential functions if and only \(\rho=(q/p)^{\frac{1}{r}}\), and \(\mathcal C=\kappa \rho^{-1}\) for some positive integers \(p\), \(q\), \(r\), with \(p\in 3\mathbb Z\), \(\text{gcd}(p,q)=1\) and \(\kappa\in\mathbb Q\). In addition, if \(L^2(\mu_{M,D})\) does not admit an infinite orthogonal set of exponential functions, the authors estimate the number of orthogonal exponential functions in \(L^2(\mu_{M,D})\) and give the exact maximal cardinality.