Resolvent characterisation of generators of cosine functions and \(C_0\)-groups (Q358608)

The paper under review proves that a densely defined linear operator \(A\) acting on a UMD Banach space \(X\) generates a \(C_0\)-group if and only if there exists \(\sigma>0\) and \(m>1\) such that \(\underset{|\mathrm{Re}(\lambda)|>\sigma}{\sup} \|\lambda^{-m}(\lambda-A)^{-1}\|<\infty\) and \[ \underset{N \to \infty}{\lim} \int \limits _{\sigma -iN} ^{\sigma+iN} e^{\lambda t}\langle (\lambda \pm A)^{-1}x,x^{*}\rangle \, d\lambda, \] exists for all \(t>0\), \(x \in X\), \(x^{*}\in X^{*}\). A similar characterisation is also given for generators of cosine functions. The proofs are nicely elementary and only rely on the fact that solutions to functional equations such as \(S(t+s)=S(t)S(s) \text{ for all }s,t \in \mathbb{R}\) are strongly continuous as soon as they are strongly measurable. These natural characterisations have some interesting consequences. First of all (Section 4), they lead to a very simple proof of Fattorini's square root reduction theorem: in UMD spaces, generators of cosine functions are essentially squares of group generators. Then (Section 5), the author gives a new approach to a result of \textit{M. Haase} [Math. Ann. 345, No. 2, 245--265 (2009; Zbl 1184.47005)]: generators of cosine functions in a Hilbert space have a bounded holomorphic functional calculus in an appropriate parabola. The proof given here is particularly enlightening, as it gives a square function characterisation of the boundedness of the holomorphic functional calculus on a parabola (and of cosine function generation) that is the analogue of McIntosh's celebrated result for sectorial operators. Somewhat surprisingly, the proof is quite involved and relies, in particular, on results about boundedness of the Cauchy integral over certain rectifiable curves in weighted \(L^p\) spaces (with \(A_{p}\) weights). Finally (Section 6), the author answers a question of \textit{H. O. Fattorini} [Proc. R. Soc. Edinb., Sect. A 101, 237--252 (1985; Zbl 0582.34048), p.\,240] by describing the dependency on a parameter \(z \in \mathbb{C}\) of the growth bound of a cosine function with generator \(A+z^2\) acting on a Hilbert space.