Connes' integration and Weyl's laws (Q6111637)

This paper studies the subject of noncommutative integration, answering some questions raised by Connes and clarifying relevant relations with some important topics of noncommutative geometry. Let \(\mathcal{L}_{1,\infty}\subset\mathcal{L}\left( \mathcal{H}\right) \) be the space of weak trace class operators on a Hilbert space \(\mathcal{H}\), i.e. compact operators \(A\) with singular values \(\mu_{j}\left( A\right) =O\left( j^{-1}\right) \) which are the eigenvalues of \(\left\vert A\right\vert \) listed as \(\mu_{0}\left( A\right) \geq\mu_{1}\left( A\right) \geq \cdots\geq0\) according to their algebraic multiplicities. An operator \(A\in\mathcal{L}_{1,\infty}\) is called measurable if the Dixmier trace value \(\mathrm{Tr}_{\omega}\left( A\right) \) of \(A\) is independent of the choice of any extended limit \(\lim_{\omega}:\ell_{\infty}\rightarrow\mathbb{C}\) implemented by a state \(\omega\) of the quotient C*-algebra \(\ell_{\infty }/c_{0}\), where \(\mathrm{Tr}_{\omega}\left( A\right) \) represents the value of \(\lim_{\omega}\) at the sequence \(\left\{ \frac{1}{\ln\left( N\right) }\sum_{j<N}\lambda_{j}\left( A\right) \right\} _{N\geq1}\in\ell_{\infty}\) for (any) eigenvalue sequence \(\left\{ \lambda_{j}\left( A\right) \right\} _{j\geq0}\) that lists all eigenvalues of \(A\) according to their multiplicities with \(\left\vert \lambda_{0}\left( A\right) \right\vert \geq\left\vert \lambda_{1}\left( A\right) \right\vert \geq\cdots\). For a measurable operator \(A\in\mathcal{L}_{1,\infty}\), we define its noncommutative integral as the unambiguous Dixmier trace value \(\int A:=\mathrm{Tr}_{\omega}\left( A\right) \). Recall that an operator \(A\in\mathcal{L}_{1,\infty}\) is called Tauberian if \(\lim_{N\rightarrow\infty}\frac{1}{\ln\left( N\right) }\sum_{j<N}\lambda _{j}\left( A\right) \) exists for some (or equivalently, for any) eigenvalue sequence \(\left\{ \lambda_{j}\left( A\right) \right\} _{j\geq0}\) of \(A\). Based on an asymptotic additivity property of partial sums \(\sum_{j=1} ^{N}\lambda_{j}\left( A\right) \) of eigenvalue sequences \(\lambda_{j}\left( A\right) \) for \(A\in\mathcal{L}_{1,\infty}\), the author establishes that an operator \(A\in\mathcal{L}_{1,\infty}\) is measurable if and only if it is Tauberian, and in such a case, \(\int A=\lim_{N\rightarrow\infty}\frac{1}{\ln\left( N\right) }\sum_{j<N}\lambda_{j}\left( A\right) \). This result gives a direct dependence of the measurability of an operator purely on its spectral data, and a clear spectral invariance of its noncommutative integral. As an example, the (unitary class of) positive operator \(T_{0}\) with \(\mu _{j}\left( T_{0}\right) =\left( j+1\right) ^{-1}\) for all \(j\geq0\) is Tauberian with \(\mathrm{Tr}_{\omega}\left( T_{0}\right) \equiv\int T_{0}=1\) for all Dixmier traces \(\mathrm{Tr}_{\omega}\). For a measurable function \(A:\Omega\rightarrow\mathcal{L}_{1,\infty}\) on a measure space \(\left( \Omega,\mu\right) \), since \(\mathcal{L}_{1,\infty}\) equipped with the quasi-norm \(\left\Vert A\right\Vert _{1,\infty}:=\sup\nolimits_{j\geq0}\left( j+1\right) \mu_{j}\left( A\right) \) is not a Banach space or even a locally convex space, the standard Bochner integration or Gel'fand--Pettis integration cannot be applied to yield a meaningful integral \(\int_{\Omega}A\left( x\right) d\mu\left( x\right) \in\mathcal{L}_{1,\infty}\). Let \(\overline{\mathcal{L}_{1,\infty}}\) be the closure of \(\mathcal{L}_{1,\infty}\) in the Banach space \(\left( \mathfrak{M}_{1,\infty},\left\Vert \cdot\right\Vert _{\left( 1,\infty\right) }\right) \), called the Dixmier-Macaev ideal, consisting of all compact operators \(A\) with \(\left\Vert A\right\Vert _{\left( 1,\infty\right) }:=\sup\nolimits_{N\geq1}\frac{\sum_{j<N}\mu_{j}\left( A\right) }{\ln\left( N+1\right) }<\infty\). If \(\int_{\Omega}\left\Vert A\left( x\right) \right\Vert _{\left( 1,\infty\right) }d\mu\left( x\right) <\infty\), then for the meaningful Bochner integral \(\int_{\Omega}A\left( x\right) d\mu\left( x\right) \in\overline{\mathcal{L}_{1,\infty}}\), the author shows that the function \(\mathrm{Tr}_{\omega}\left( A\left( \cdot\right) \right) \) on \(\Omega\) is integrable for any Dixmier trace \(\mathrm{Tr}_{\omega}\) and \(\int_{\Omega}\mathrm{Tr}_{\omega}\left( A\left( x\right) \right) d\mu\left( x\right) \) coincides with \(\overline{\mathrm{Tr}}_{\omega}\left( \int_{\Omega}A\left( x\right) d\mu\left( x\right) \right) \) for the valid extension \(\overline{\mathrm{Tr}}_{\omega}\) of \(\mathrm{Tr}_{\omega}\) to \(\overline{\mathcal{L}_{1,\infty}}\). In particular, when \(A\left( x\right) \) is measurable for \(x\) a.e. on \(\Omega\) and \(\int_{\Omega}A\left( x\right) d\mu\left( x\right) \in\mathcal{L}_{1,\infty}\subset\overline{\mathcal{L}_{1,\infty}}\), it is concluded that \(\int_{\Omega}\) commutes with the noncommutative integral \(\int\equiv\mathrm{Tr}_{\omega}\), showing their compatibility. Replacing Dixmier traces by more general positive traces \(\phi\) of \(\mathcal{L}_{1,\infty}\), i.e. positive linear functionals annihilating the commutator subspace \(\left[ \mathcal{L}\left( \mathcal{H}\right) ,\mathcal{L}_{1,\infty}\right] \), we get a stronger notion of measurability for operators. More precisely, \(A\in\mathcal{L}_{1,\infty}\) is called strongly measurable if the value \(\phi\left( A\right) \) is independent of the choice of any normalized positive trace \(\phi\) of \(\mathcal{L}_{1,\infty}\), where \(\phi\) is called normalized if \(\phi\left( T_{0}\right) =1\) and Dixmier traces are such examples. So \(A\) is strongly measurable (and hence measurable) with \(\int A=L\) if and only if \(A-LT_{0}\in\ker\left( \phi\right) \) for all continuous traces \(\phi\) of \(\mathcal{L}_{1,\infty}\). It is shown that an operator \(A\in\mathcal{L}_{1,\infty}\) with \(\sum_{j<N}\lambda_j\left( A\right) =L\ln\left( N\right) +O\left( 1\right) \) is strongly measurable with \(\int A=L\). Furthermore, the strong measurability is shown to depend only on the nonzero eigenvalues and their multiplicities. A positive operator \(A\in\mathcal{L}_{1,\infty}\) is called a Weyl operator if \(\Lambda\left( A\right) :=\lim_{j\rightarrow\infty}j\lambda_{j}\left( A\right) \) exists. More generally, \(A\in\mathcal{L}_{1,\infty}\) is called a Weyl operator, with \(\Lambda\left( A\right) :=\sum_{k=0}^{3}i^{k}\Lambda\left( A_{k}\right) \), if each positive summand \(A_{k}\geq0\) in the standard canonical decomposition \(A=\sum_{k=0}^{3}i^{k}A_{k}\) is a Weyl operator. It is shown that Weyl operators \(A\) are strongly measurable with \(\int A=\Lambda\left( A\right) \). In the theory of noncommutative geometry pioneered by Connes, noncommutative integration plays a critically important role. In particular, it appears in the fundamental examples of pseudodifferential operators on Riemannian manifolds to illustrate the recovering of classical differential geometry from noncommutative geometry. In this regard, the Weyl's law of Birman-Solomyak and Connes' integration formula are two major results, involving some general type of pseudodifferential operators which are shown to be strongly measurable. In this paper, the author provides a soft proof of Birman-Solomyak's result, and extends the discussion to semiclassical Weyl's laws for Schrödinger operators in the more abstract setting of spectral triples.