Varieties of local integrability of analytic differential systems and their applications (Q741511)

This review follows the notation given by the authors in the paper. The authors consider local analytic or formal differential systems of the form \[ \dot{x} \, = \, Ax + f(x), \quad \text{in \((\mathbb{F}^n,0)\), \(\mathbb{F} \in \{ \mathbb{C}, \mathbb{R} \}\),} \tag{1} \] where \(A\) is a \(n \times n\) matrix with entries in \(\mathbb{F}\), \(x=(x_1,x_2,\ldots, x_n)^T\), \(f(x)=(f_1(x), f_2(x), \ldots, f_n(x))^T\) and \(f_i\) are series (convergent or formal) starting with at least quadratic terms. The eigenvalues of \(A\) are denoted by \(\lambda=(\lambda_1,\lambda_2, \ldots,\lambda_n)\). Given \(\alpha=(\alpha_1,\alpha_2,\ldots, \alpha_n)\in \mathbb{Z}_{+}^n\), denote \(\langle \lambda,\alpha \rangle = \sum_{i=1}^n \alpha_i \lambda_i\) and \(|\alpha| = \alpha_1+ \alpha_2 + \ldots +\alpha_n\). Let \(\mathcal{R} \, = \, \left\{ \alpha \in \mathbb{Z}_{+}^n \, : \, \langle \lambda,\alpha \rangle =0, |\alpha|>0 \right\}\) and denote by \(r_\lambda\) the rank of the vectors in the set \(\mathcal{R}\). This paper is about normal form theory. It is well-known that there is a substitution tangent to the identity \(x = y+ \varphi(y)\) with \(\varphi(y)\) being a series without constant and linear terms, which leads the differential system ({1}) to \[ \dot{y} \, = \, Ay+ \mathbf{g}(y), \] where \(\mathbf{g}(y)=(g_1(y), g_2(y), \ldots, g_n(y))^T\) contains only resonant terms, that is, each monomial in \(g_k\), \(k=1,2,\ldots,n\); is of the form \(g^{\alpha} y^\alpha e_k\) with \(\langle \lambda,\alpha \rangle-\lambda_k \, = \, 0\) and \(g^\alpha \in \mathbb{F}\). System ({1}) is analytically (or formally) integrable if it has \(n-1\) functionally independent (or formal) first integrals in \((\mathbb{F},0)\). The authors prove the following theorem which is a generalization of a Poincaré--Liapunov theorem for planar systems (that is when \(n=2\)). The following paragraph is a quotation of Theorem 1.1. in the paper. Let \(\mathcal{X}\) the vector field associated to system ({1}). (a) There exists a series \(\psi(x)\) with its resonant monomials arbitrary such that \[ \mathcal{X} \left( \psi(x) \right) \, = \, \sum_{\alpha \in \mathcal{R}} p_\alpha x^\alpha, \tag{2} \] where \(p_\alpha\) are polynomials in the coefficients of \(\mathcal{X}\). (b) If the vector field \(\mathcal{X}\) has \(n-1\) functionally independent analytic or formal first integrals, then for any \(\psi\) satisfying ({2}), we have \(p_\alpha =0\) for all \(\alpha \in \mathcal{R}\). (c) Assume that the rank of \(\mathcal{R}\) is \(k\), that is \(r_\lambda=k\), and there are \(k\) functionally independent \(\psi^{(1)}, \psi^{(2)}, \ldots, \psi^{(k)}\) such that for the corresponding coefficients in ({2}) hold \(p_{\alpha}^{(i)}=0\) for all \(\alpha \in \mathcal{R}\) and for all \(i=1,2,\ldots,k\). Then the vector field \(\mathcal{X}\) has exactly \(k\) functionally independent analytic or formal first integrals. This very interesting result gives, on one side, a way to compute the constraints for local integrability (statement (a)) and on the other side a characterization for it (statements (b) and (c)), and in the general framework of a differential system in \(\mathbb{F}^n\). The authors apply this result to study the local integrability of a family of four-dimensional quadratic Hamiltonian systems with a cubic Hamiltonian of the form \[ H(x,y,z,w) \, = \, xy+zw+\sum_{\alpha \in \mathbb{Z}_{+}^{4}, |\alpha|=3} h_\alpha x^{\alpha_1} y^{\alpha_2} z^{\alpha_3} w^{\alpha_4}, \] and with \(h_{0003} \, = \, h_{0300} \, = \, h_{0102} \, = \, h_{0111} \, = \, h_{0120} \, = \, h_{0201} \, = \, h_{0210} \, = \, 0\). Note that the corresponding Hamiltonian system depends on \(13\) parameters \(h_{\alpha}\). Using the previous result the authors provide \(12\) cases of necessary conditions for the four-dimensional quadratic Hamiltonian system to be locally integrable. In \(8\) of the \(12\) cases the authors prove that these conditions are also sufficient, using either statement (c) of the Theorem or Darboux's theory of integrability.