Semigroup-valued solutions of some composite equations (Q744043)

The article deals with the functional equation \[ f(x + g(x)y) = f(x) \circ f(y) \quad \text{for} \quad x, y \in X \] in the case where \(X\) is a linear space over the field \(K\) of real or complex numbers, \((S,\circ)\) is an arbitrary semigroup, \(f:\;X \to S\) and \(g:\;X \to K\). Under some natural assumptions it is proved that either \[ f(x) = a(x) \circ \phi(L(x) + 1) \quad \text{for} \quad x \in X, \] where \(a:\;X \to S\) and \(\phi:\;K \to S\) satisfy the equations \[ a(x + y) = a(x) \circ a(y), \quad \psi(st) = \phi(s) \circ \phi(t), \quad \phi(t) \circ a(x) = a(tx) \circ \phi(t), \] \(L\) a nontrivial \(K\)-linear functional, or \[ f(x) = \begin{cases} a(x) \circ \phi(L(x) + 1) & \text{for} \;\;L(x) + 1 \geq 0, \\ a(x) \circ \phi(-(L(x) + 1)) \circ l & \text{otherwise,} \end{cases} \] where \(a:\;X \to S\) and \(\phi:\;[0,\infty) \to S\) satisfy the equations \[ a(x + y) = a(x) \circ a(y), \quad \psi(st) = \phi(s) \circ \phi(t), \quad a(tx) \circ \phi(t) = \phi(t) \circ a(x), \] \(L\) is a nontrivial \({\mathbb R}\)-linear functional and \(g(x) = \max\, \{L(x) + 1,0\}\), \(l\) is a idempotent in \(S\). Several consequences of this result are presented as well.