Most numbers are not normal

DOI10.1017/S0305004122000469MaRDI QIDQ6098466zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Andrea Aveni, Paolo Leonetti

Publication date 14 June 2023

Published in Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society (Search for Journal in Brave)

Copyright license Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2101.03607

zbMATH Keywords

analytic P-idealsnormal numbersregular matrices

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Radix representation; digital problems (11A63) Normal numbers, radix expansions, Pisot numbers, Salem numbers, good lattice points, etc. (11K16) Ideal and statistical convergence (40A35)

Abstract: We show, from a topological viewpoint, that most numbers are not normal in a strong sense. More precisely, the set of numbers $xin(0,1]$ with the following property is comeager: for all integers $bge2$ and $kge1$, the sequence of vectors made by the frequencies of all possibile strings of length $k$ in the $b$-adic representation of $x$ has a maximal subset of accumulation points, and each of them is the limit of a subsequence with an index set of nonzero asymptotic density. This extends and provides a streamlined proof of the main result given by Olsen in [Math. Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 137 (2004), 43--53]. We provide analogues in the context of analytic P-ideals and regular matrices.

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Cited in

(7)

• The maximum domain of attraction of multivariate extreme value distributions is small
• Extremely non-normal numbers
• Almost all sets of nonnegative integers and their small perturbations are not sumsets
• On uniform summability
• Core equality of real sequences
• On maldistributed sequences and meager ideals
• Super-dense sets and their role in the theory of normal numbers

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