Global regularity of two-dimensional flocking hydrodynamics

Smoothness and regularity of solutions to PDEs (35B65) Strong solutions to PDEs (35D35) Euler equations (35Q31) PDEs in connection with game theory, economics, social and behavioral sciences (35Q91) Heterogeneous agent models (91B69)

Abstract: We study the systems of Euler equations which arise from agent-based dynamics driven by velocity emph{alignment}. It is known that smooth solutions of such systems must flock, namely -- the large time behavior of the velocity field approaches a limiting "flocking" velocity. To address the question of global regularity, we derive sharp critical thresholds in the phase space of initial configuration which characterize the global regularity and hence flocking behavior of such emph{two-dimensional} systems. Specifically, we prove for that a large class of emph{sub-critical} initial conditions such that the initial divergence is "not too negative" and the initial spectral gap is "not too large", global regularity persists for all time.

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The paper deals with the system of Euler equations \[ \begin{cases} \rho_t+\nabla\cdot (\rho\mathbf{u})=0,\\ \mathbf{u}_t+\mathbf{u}\cdot\nabla \mathbf{u}=\displaystyle\int a(x,y,t)(\mathbf{u} (y,t)-\mathbf{u} (x,t))\rho(y,t)\,dy, \end{cases} \] for \((x,t)\in \mathbb{R}^n\times \mathbb{R}_+\), subject to the compactly supported initial density \(\rho(x,0)=\rho_0(x)\in L_+^1(\mathbb{R}^n)\) and uniformly bounded initial velocity \(\mathbf{u}(x,0)=\mathbf{u}_0(x)\in W^{1,\infty}(\mathbb{R}^n)\). Here \(\rho(x,t)\) and \(\mathbf{u}(x,t)=(u_1,\ldots,u_n):\mathbb{R}^n\times \mathbb{R}_+\to\mathbb{R}^n\) are the density and the velocity field, respectively, and the interaction kernel \(a(x,y,t)\) is a non-negative function. This system arises from agent-based dynamics driven by velocity alignment and describes the collective motion of \(N\) agents, each of which adjusting its velocity to a weighted average of velocities of its neighbors. The authors obtain sharp critical thresholds for the propagation of the regularity of flocking hydrodinamics in two models, namely the two-dimensional Cucker-Smale model and the one- and two-dimensional Motsch-Tadmor model. They show that the global regularity persists for all time for a large class of sub-critical initial conditions.

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