On the Hilbert number for piecewise linear vector fields with algebraic discontinuity set
algebraic discontinuity setFilippov systemsHilbert numberlimit cyclesMelnikov theorypiecewise linear differential systems
Discontinuous ordinary differential equations (34A36) Topological structure of integral curves, singular points, limit cycles of ordinary differential equations (34C05) Theory of limit cycles of polynomial and analytic vector fields (existence, uniqueness, bounds, Hilbert's 16th problem and ramifications) for ordinary differential equations (34C07) Bifurcation theory for ordinary differential equations (34C23) Perturbations, asymptotics of solutions to ordinary differential equations (34E10)
Let \(n\) be a positive integer. An algebraic curve of degree \(n\) in \(\mathbb{R}^2\) is the zero set of a polynomial of degree \(n\) in two variables. The second part of the Hilbert's sixteenth problem is to find a uniform upper bound \(\mathcal{H}(n)\) of limit cycles of a planar polynomial system of degree \(n\). The number \(\mathcal{H}(n)\) is called the Hilbert number. A similar problem for planar piecewise smooth systems is to find a uniform upper bound \(\mathcal{L}(n)\) of limit cycles of a planar piecewise linear system with two zones separated by a branch of an algebraic curve of degree \(n\). In this paper, the author proved that for any positive integer \(k\), \(\mathcal{L}(2k)\geq k^2+2k+1\), \(\mathcal{L}(2k+1)\geq k^2+2k+3\). In terms of \(n\), this is equivalent to: \[\mathcal{L}(n)\geq \frac{n^2+4n+4}{4}\] if \(n\) is even, and \[\mathcal{L}(n)\geq \frac{n^2+2n+9}{4}\] if \(n\) is odd. Thus for any positive integer, \(\mathcal{L}(n)>\frac{1}{4}n^2\), which means that \(\mathcal{L}(n)\) grows as fast as \(n^2\). This is a significant improvement on the previous lower bound of \(\mathcal{L}(n)\), \(\mathcal{L}(n)\geq \left[\frac{n}{2}\right]\).
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