Ising model: local spin correlations and conformal invariance

DOI10.1007/S00220-019-03312-YMaRDI QIDQ2414714zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Yanyan Li

Publication date 17 May 2019

Published in Communications in Mathematical Physics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Copyright license Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.4446

zbMATH Keywords

2-dimensional Ising model Pfaffian formulae spin-symmetric field

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Two-dimensional field theories, conformal field theories, etc. in quantum mechanics (81T40) Lattice systems (Ising, dimer, Potts, etc.) and systems on graphs arising in equilibrium statistical mechanics (82B20) Phase transitions (general) in equilibrium statistical mechanics (82B26) Critical phenomena in equilibrium statistical mechanics (82B27)

Abstract: We study the 2-dimensional Ising model at critical temperature on a simply connected subset

O m e g a_{d e l t a}

of the square grid

d e l t a m a t h b b Z^{2}

. The scaling limit of the critical Ising model is conjectured to be described by Conformal Field Theory; in particular, there is expected to be a precise correspondence between local lattice fields of the Ising model and the local fields of Conformal Field Theory. Towards the proof of this correspondence, we analyze arbitrary spin pattern probabilities (probabilities of finite spin configurations occurring at the origin), explicitly obtain their infinite-volume limits, and prove their conformal covariance at the first (non-trivial) order. We formulate these probabilities in terms of discrete fermionic observables, enabling the study of their scaling limits. This generalizes results of [Hon10,HoSm13] and [CHI15] to one-point functions of any local spin correlations. We introduce a collection of tools which allow one to exactly and explicitly translate any spin pattern probability (and hence any lattice local field correlation) in terms of discrete complex analysis quantities. The proof requires working with multipoint lattice spinors with monodromy (including construction of explicit formulae in the full plane), and refined analysis near their source points to prove convergence to the appropriate continuous conformally covariant functions.

Review text

The authors consider the Ising model with spins on the faces of the graph $\Omega_{\delta}$, a discretization of $\Omega$ of mesh size $\delta>0$. The authors obtain infinite-volume limits for arbitrary local pattern probabilities and give their first-order corrections corresponding to what can be expected from the Ising-CFT correspondence. For spin-symmetric and spin-antisymmetric fields, they obtain two convergence results. The main result is the following theorem: ``Let $\mathcal{F}$ be a finite connected set of faces in $\mathbb{Z}^2$ and fix a configuration $\rho\in\{-1,+1\}^{\mathcal{F}}$ and let $\mathbb{P}_{\mathbb{Z}^2}$ be the infinite-volume measure of the critical Ising model. Consider the critical Ising model on $\Phi_{\delta}$ with plus boundary conditions, and denote it by $\mathbb{P}_{\Omega_{\delta}}$. Then, as $\delta\rightarrow 0$, we have \[ \mathbb{P}_{\Omega_{\delta}}[\sigma|_{\delta \mathcal{F}}=\rho] = \mathbb{P}_{\mathbb{Z}^2}[\sigma|_{\mathcal{F}}=\rho] + \delta^{\frac{1}{8}}\cdot \text{geometric effect}\ (\rho,\Omega) + o(\delta^{\frac{1}{8}}), \] \[ \mathbb{P}_{\Omega_{\delta}}[\sigma|_{\delta \mathcal{F}}\in\{\pm\rho\}] = \mathbb{P}_{\mathbb{Z}^2}[\sigma|_{\mathcal{F}}\in\{\pm\rho\}] + \delta \cdot \text{geometric effect} \ (\pm\rho,\Omega) + o(\delta). \] The infinite-volume probability and the geometric effects are given in terms of the explicit Pfaffian formulae. Therefore, the authors prove the aforementioned conjecture in the following specific case: it allows one to study the scaling limit of the one-point function of $\delta^{-D}\Phi_{\delta}^{F}$ for $D \leq 1$ in simply-connected domains. The authors define the two-point discrete fermion and spin-fermion via the low-temperature expansion of the Ising model and disorder lines, as well as their full-plane analogues. They prove the Pfaffian formulae expressing $n$-point energy correlations,with or without a spin weight, in terms of the real fermion and spin-fermion two-point functions. $n$-point analogues of the two-point fermion and spin-fermion are analyzed. The continuous analogues of the discrete Riemann boundary value problem are introduced.

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