Ground state on the dumbbell graph

DOI10.1093/AMRX/ABV011MaRDI QIDQ2800167zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Jeremy L. Marzuola, Dmitry Pelinovsky

Publication date 15 April 2016

Published in AMRX. Applied Mathematics Research eXpress (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1509.04721

ground state nonlinear Schrödinger equations on graphs symmetry breaking bifurcation

Bifurcations in context of PDEs (35B32) Nonlinear elliptic equations (35J60) NLS equations (nonlinear Schrödinger equations) (35Q55) PDEs on graphs and networks (ramified or polygonal spaces) (35R02) Quantum mechanics on special spaces: manifolds, fractals, graphs, lattices (81Q35)

Abstract: We consider standing waves in the focusing nonlinear Schr"odinger (NLS) equation on a dumbbell graph (two rings attached to a central line segment subject to the Kirchhoff boundary conditions at the junctions). In the limit of small

L^{2}

norm, the ground state (the orbitally stable standing wave of the smallest energy at a fixed

L^{2}

norm) is represented by a constant solution. However, when the

L^{2}

norm is increased, this constant solution undertakes two bifurcations, where the first is the pitchfork (symmetry breaking) bifurcation and the second one is the symmetry preserving bifurcation. As a result of the first symmetry breaking bifurcation, the standing wave becomes more localized in one of the two rings. As a result of the second symmetry preserving bifurcation, the standing wave becomes localized in the central line segment. In the limit of large norm solutions, both standing waves are represented by a truncated solitary wave localized in either the ring or the central line segment. Although the asymmetric wave supported in the ring is a ground state near the symmetry breaking bifurcation of the constant solution, it is the symmetric wave supported in the central line segment which becomes the ground state in the limit of large

L^{2}

norm. The analytical results are confirmed by numerical approximations of the ground state on the dumbbell graph.

Review text

The paper is concerned with standing waves of the focusing nonlinear Schrödinger equation \(i\Psi_t=\Psi_{xx}+ 2| \Psi|^2\Psi\) on the dumbbell graph which is represented by two circles of equal length joined by a line segment. At the two junctions Kirchhoff boundary conditions are applied. A ground state is a standing wave \(\Psi(t,x)=e^{i\Lambda t}\Phi (x)\) where \(\Phi\) minimizes the energy under the constraint \(Q(\Psi)=\int| \Psi|^2dx=Q_0\).NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEThe main results are as follows. For small \(Q_0\) the ground state is given by \(\Phi\equiv \mathrm{const}\). If \(Q_0\) increases a pitchfork bifurcation occurs at some \(Q_0^\ast >0\). The bifurcating asymmetric standing waves are ground states for \(Q_0\gtrsim Q^\ast_0\). A second bifurcation of symmetric standing waves from \(\Phi\equiv \mathrm{const}\) appears at \(Q_0^{\ast\ast}>Q_0^\ast\).NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEThe paper contains also a complete characterization of the linear spectrum of the Laplacian operator on the dumbbell graph as well as numerical approximations of the ground states.

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