On the index of a non-Fredholm model operator

DOI10.7153/OAM-10-50MaRDI QIDQ2954256zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Galina Levitina, A. L. Carey, Fritz Gesztesy, Fedor Sukochev

Publication date 12 January 2017

Published in Operators and Matrices (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1509.01580

zbMATH Keywords

spectral shift functionFredholm and Witten index

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Spectrum, resolvent (47A10) (Semi-) Fredholm operators; index theories (47A53) Scattering theory of linear operators (47A40) Spectral flows (58J30)

Abstract: Let ${A(t)}_{tinmathbbR}$ be a path of self-adjoint Fredholm operators in a Hilbert space $mathcalH$, joining endpoints $A_{p}m$ as $topminfty$. Computing the index of the operator $D_A=(d/dt)+A$ acting in $L^2(mathbbR;mathcalH)$, where $A=in{t}_{mathbbR}^{oplus}dt,A(t)$, and its relation to spectral flow along this path, has a long history. While most of the latter focuses on the case where $A(t)$ all have purely discrete spectrum, we now particularly study situations permitting essential spectra. Introducing $H_1={D_A}^{\ast }{D}_A$ and $H_2=D_A{D_A}^{\ast }$, we consider spectral shift functions $xi(,cdot,;A_{+},A_{-})$ and $xi(,cdot,;H_2,H_1)$ associated with the pairs $(A_{+},A_{-})$ and $(H_2,H_1)$. Assuming $A_{+}$ to be a relatively trace class perturbation of $A_{-}$ and $A_{pm}$ to be Fredholm, the value $xi(0;A_{-},A_{+})$ was shown in [14] to represent the spectral flow along the path ${A(t)}_{tinmathbbR}$ while that of $xi(0_{+};H_1,H_2)$ yields the Fredholm index of $D_A$. The fact, proved in [14], that these values of the two spectral functions are equal, resolves the index = spectral flow question in this case. When the path ${A(t)}_{tinmathbbR}$ consists of differential operators, the relatively trace class perturbation assumption is violated. The simplest assumption that applies (to differential operators in (1+1)-dimensions) is a relatively Hilbert-Schmidt perturbation. This is not just an incremental improvement. In fact, the approximation method we employ here to make this extension is of interest in any dimension. Moreover we consider $A_{p}m$ which are not necessarily Fredholm and we establish that the relationships between the two spectral shift functions for the pairs $(A_{+},A_{-})$ and $(H_2,H_1)$ found in all of the previous papers [9], [14], and [22] can be proved in the non-Fredholm case.

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Cited in

(14)

• Trace formulas for a class of non-Fredholm operators: a review
• Index theorems in quantum mechanics
• Spectral flow inside essential spectrum
• Fredholm properties of nonlocal differential operators via spectral flow
• On absence of threshold resonances for Schrödinger and Dirac operators
• On the global limiting absorption principle for massless Dirac operators
• Spectral flow and resonance index
• The Witten index and the spectral shift function
• The index formula and the spectral shift function for relatively trace class perturbations
• On the Witten index in terms of spectral shift functions
• Fredholm index and spectral flow in non-self-adjoint case
• The spectral flow, the Fredholm index, and the spectral shift function
• Index theory beyond the Fredholm case
• On index theory for non-Fredholm operators: a \((1+1)\)-dimensional example

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