Unified first law of black-hole dynamics and relativistic thermodynamics
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Publication:4699753
DOI10.1088/0264-9381/15/10/017zbMATH Open0942.83040arXivgr-qc/9710089OpenAlexW3106198577MaRDI QIDQ4699753FDOQ4699753
Authors: Sean A. Hayward 
Publication date: 18 November 1999
Published in: Classical and Quantum Gravity (Search for Journal in Brave)
Abstract: A unified first law of black-hole dynamics and relativistic thermodynamics is derived in spherically symmetric general relativity. This equation expresses the gradient of the active gravitational energy E according to the Einstein equation, divided into energy-supply and work terms. Projecting the equation along the flow of thermodynamic matter and along the trapping horizon of a blackhole yield, respectively, first laws of relativistic thermodynamics and black-hole dynamics. In the black-hole case, this first law has the same form as the first law of black-hole statics, with static perturbations replaced by the derivative along the horizon. There is the expected term involving the area and surface gravity, where the dynamic surface gravity is defined as in the static case but using the Kodama vector and trapping horizon. This surface gravity vanishes for degenerate trapping horizons and satisfies certain expected inequalities involving the area and energy. In the thermodynamic case, the quasi-local first law has the same form, apart from a relativistic factor, as the classical first law of thermodynamics, involving heat supply and hydrodynamic work, but with E replacing the internal energy. Expanding E in the Newtonian limit shows that it incorporates the Newtonian mass, kinetic energy, gravitational potential energy and thermal energy. There is also a weak type of unified zeroth law: a Gibbs-like definition of thermal equilibrium requires constancy of an effective temperature, generalising the Tolman condition and the particular case of Hawking radiation, while gravithermal equilibrium further requires constancy of surface gravity. Finally, it is suggested that the energy operator of spherically symmetric quantum gravity is determined by the Kodama vector, which encodes a dynamic time related to E.
Full work available at URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/9710089
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electromagnetismHawking radiationrelativistic thermodynamicsfirst law of black-hole dynamicsspherically symmetric general relativity
Classical and relativistic thermodynamics (80A10) Quantization of the gravitational field (83C45) Black holes (83C57)
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