Multiple orthogonal polynomials of mixed type: Gauss-Borel factorization and the multi-component 2D Toda hierarchy

DOI10.1016/J.AIM.2011.03.008MaRDI QIDQ555595zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Carlos Álvarez-Fernández, Ulises Fidalgo Prieto, Manuel Mañas

Publication date 25 July 2011

Published in Advances in Mathematics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1004.3916

zbMATH Keywords

integrable systemsmultiple orthogonal polynomialsChristoffel-Darboux formularecursion relationsNikishin systemsfactorization problemstau-functions

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Completely integrable infinite-dimensional Hamiltonian and Lagrangian systems, integration methods, integrability tests, integrable hierarchies (KdV, KP, Toda, etc.) (37K10) Lattice dynamics; integrable lattice equations (37K60) Approximation by rational functions (41A20) Orthogonal functions and polynomials, general theory of nontrigonometric harmonic analysis (42C05) Simultaneous approximation (41A28)

Abstract: Multiple orthogonality is considered in the realm of a Gauss--Borel factorization problem for a semi-infinite moment matrix. Perfect combinations of weights and a finite Borel measure are constructed in terms of M-Nikishin systems. These perfect combinations ensure that the problem of mixed multiple orthogonality has a unique solution, that can be obtained from the solution of a Gauss--Borel factorization problem for a semi-infinite matrix, which plays the role of a moment matrix. This leads to sequences of multiple orthogonal polynomials, their duals and second kind functions. It also gives the corresponding linear forms that are bi-orthogonal to the dual linear forms. Expressions for these objects in terms of determinants from the moment matrix are given, recursion relations are found, which imply a multi-diagonal Jacobi type matrix with snake shape, and results like the ABC theorem or the Christoffel--Darboux formula are re-derived in this context (using the factorization problem and the generalized Hankel symmetry of the moment matrix). The connection between this description of multiple orthogonality and the multi-component 2D Toda hierarchy, which can be also understood and studied through a Gauss--Borel factorization problem, is discussed. Deformations of the weights, natural for M-Nikishin systems, are considered and the correspondence with solutions to the integrable hierarchy, represented as a collection of Lax equations, is explored. Corresponding Lax and Zakharov--Shabat matrices as well as wave functions and their adjoints are determined. The construction of discrete flows is discussed in terms of Miwa transformations which involve Darboux transformations for the multiple orthogonality conditions. The bilinear equations are derived and the $au$-function representation of the multiple orthogonality is given.

Recommendations

• The multicomponent 2D Toda hierarchy: generalized matrix orthogonal polynomials, multiple orthogonal polynomials and Riemann–Hilbert problems
• Multivariate orthogonal polynomials and integrable systems
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Cited in

(48)

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• Isospectral flows related to Frobenius-Stickelberger-Thiele polynomials
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• Novel extended Zn-Heisenberg ferromagnet models
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