Rank and duality in representation theory

DOI10.1007/S11537-020-1728-3MaRDI QIDQ783808zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Publication date 4 August 2020

Published in Japanese Journal of Mathematics. 3rd Series (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.11027

character ratios classical group eta correspondence Howe correspondence low rank representation oscillator representation rank reductive algebraic group reductive dual pairs size Weil representation

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Theta series; Weil representation; theta correspondences (11F27) Representations of finite groups of Lie type (20C33) Applications of group representations to physics and other areas of science (20C35) Representation theory for linear algebraic groups (20G05) Linear algebraic groups over finite fields (20G40) Representations of Lie and linear algebraic groups over local fields (22E50)

Abstract: There is both theoretical and numerical evidence that the set of irreducible representations of a reductive group over local or finite fields is naturally partitioned into families according to analytic properties of representations. Examples of such properties are the rate of decay at infinity of "matrix coefficients" in the local field setting, and the order of magnitude of "character ratios" in the finite field situation. In these notes we describe known results, new results, and conjectures in the theory of "size" of representations of classical groups over finite fields, whose ultimate goal is to classify the above mentioned families of representations and accordingly to estimate the relevant analytic properties of each family. Specifically, we treat two main issues: the first is the introduction of a rigorous definition of a notion of size for representations of classical groups, and the second issue is a method to construct and obtain information on each family of representation of a given size. In particular, we propose several compatible notions of size that we call U-RANK, TENSOR RANK and ASYMPTOTIC RANK, and we develop a method called ETA CORRESPONDENCE to construct the families of representation of each given rank. Rank suggests a new way to organize the representations of classical groups over finite and local fields - a way in which the building blocks are the "smallest" representations. This is in contrast to Harish-Chandra's philosophy of cusp forms that is the main organizational principle since the 60s, and in it the building blocks are the cuspidal representations which are, in some sense, the "LARGEST".

Review text

In the introduction, the authors review the theory of ``rank or ``size of representations of classical groups over finite fields and local fields. It also explain some motivation which involves the character ratios for an irreducible representation of a finite group. It is very readable and contains many historical facts. In the body of the article, several novel definitions of ranks (called \(U\)-rank, tensor rank, and asymptotic rank) for representations of classical groups over finite fields were introduced. For a representation of \(\mathrm{GL}_n\), the \(U\)-rank involves the largest rank among all \(U\)-isotropic components of the representation, as \(U\) varies all standard unipotent matrix subgroups of \(\mathrm{GL}_n\), while the tensor rank describes the exact integer \(k\), as the representation sits in \(k\)-fold tensor products of \(U\)-rank \(1\) irreducible representations. The asymptotic rank is another rank between them. A low \(U\)-rank representation is a kind of representation whose \(U\)-rank double is strictly smaller than \(n\). For other classical groups, these definitions were given based on the authors' recently works [Prog. Math. 323, 209--234 (2017; Zbl 1405.20036)]. It should be mentioned that the \(U\)-rank \(1\) irreducible representations of \(Sp\) consists of the four components of Weil representations. In this paper, the authors also propose several conjectures. One conjecture is the following: for \(\mathrm{GL}\) and \(\mathrm{Sp}\), the \(U\)-rank and tensor rank of a low \(U\)-rank representation are the same. To construct representations of a given rank, the authors develop a method called eta correspondence. This correspondence refines the celebrated theta or Howe correspondence by matching rank requirements. [\textit{R. Howe}, J.Am. Math. Soc. 2, No. 3, 535--552, (1989; Zbl 0716.22006); \textit{C. Mœglin} et al., Correspondances de Howe sur un corps \(p\)-adique. Berlin etc.: Springer-Verlag (1987; Zbl 0642.22002)]. In the finite field setting, it can provide some explicit and exact correspondences between representations of dual pairs, which were not proposed or exhibited before. ([\textit{B. Srinivasan}, Invent. Math. 51, 143--153 (1979; Zbl 0399.20040); \textit{J. Adams} and \textit{A. Moy}, Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 340, No. 1, 309--321 (1993; Zbl 0829.22025); \textit{ A.-M. Aubert} et al., Duke Math. J. 83, No. 2, 353-397 (1996; Zbl 0856.22027); \textit{R. Howe}, ``Invariant theory and duality for classical groups over finite fields with applications to their singular representation theory, Preprint].

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