The Asymptotic Statistics of Random Covering Surfaces

DOI10.1017/FMP.2023.13MaRDI QIDQ6161098zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Michael Magee, Doron Puder

Publication date 2 June 2023

Published in Forum of Mathematics, Pi (Search for Journal in Brave)

Copyright license Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.05892

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Symmetric groups (20B30) Ordinary representations and characters (20C15) Fundamental groups and their automorphisms (group-theoretic aspects) (20F34) Geometric group theory (20F65) Algebraic geometry over groups; equations over groups (20F70) Probabilistic methods in group theory (20P05) 2-dimensional topology (including mapping class groups of surfaces, Teichmüller theory, curve complexes, etc.) (57K20) Topological methods in group theory (57M07) Probability measures on groups or semigroups, Fourier transforms, factorization (60B15)

Abstract: Let $Gamm{a}_g$ be the fundamental group of a closed connected orientable surface of genus $ggeq2$. We develop a new method for integrating over the representation space $mathbb{X}_{g,n}=mathrmHom(Gamm{a}_g,S_n)$ where $S_n$ is the symmetric group of permutations of $1,ldots,n$. Equivalently, this is the space of all vertex-labeled, $n$-sheeted covering spaces of the the closed surface of genus $g$. Given $phiinmathbb{X}_{g,n}$ and $gammainGamm{a}_g$, we let $mathsf{fix}_{gamma}(phi)$ be the number of fixed points of the permutation $phi(gamma)$. The function $mathsf{fix}_{gamma}$ is a special case of a natural family of functions on $mathbb{X}_{g,n}$ called Wilson loops. Our new methodology leads to an asymptotic formula, as $noinfty$, for the expectation of $mathsf{fix}_{gamma}$ with respect to the uniform probability measure on $mathbb{X}_{g,n}$, which is denoted by $mathbb{E}_{g,n}[mathsf{fix}_{gamma}]$. We prove that if $gammainGamm{a}_g$ is not the identity, and $q$ is maximal such that $gamma$ is a $q$th power in $Gamm{a}_g$, then [ mathbb{E}_{g,n}[mathsf{fix}_{gamma}]=d(q)+O(n^{-1}) ] as $noinfty$, where $dleft(qight)$ is the number of divisors of $q$. Even the weaker corollary that $mathbb{E}_{g,n}[mathsf{fix}_{gamma}]=o(n)$ as $noinfty$ is a new result of this paper. We also prove that if $gamma$ is not the identity then $mathbb{E}_{g,n}[mathsf{fix}_{gamma}]$ can be approximated to any order $O(n^{-M})$ by a polynomial in $n^{-1}$.

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Cited in

(14)

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