Picard-Vessiot theory and integrability (Q478631)

In this paper the author presents a survey of recent results on the integrability of dynamical systems obtained with the help of differential Galois theory. The survey is a continuation of the previous work [Contemp. Math. 509, 143--220 (2010; Zbl 1294.37024)] of the author and \textit{J.-P. Ramis} and therefore only new works not included in the previous review are considered in it. These results are described only at the level of ideas without going into details. The paper consists of the following paragraphs: 1. Picard-Vessiot theory 2. Integrability of Hamiltonian systems 3. Some spectral problems In the first section all the results, methods and ideas from the differential Galois theory necessary for understanding the reader are described. In the second section new results are presented for Hamiltonian systems. They show the connection between the commutativity of the component of the identity of the Galois group of variational equations and the integrability of the Hamiltonian system. The third section is mainly devoted to the description of the algebraic spectrum for various variants of the Schrödinger operator. The cases of the harmonic oscillator, the Liouville potential and the Coulomb potential are considered. \[ \frac{d^2\psi}{dx^2}=\left( \frac{1}{4}\omega^2 x^2-E \right)\psi ,\quad E_n=\left( \frac{1}{2}+n \right)\omega,\;n\in \mathbb{Z}\quad(\text{harmonic oscillator}). \] \[ \frac{d^2\psi}{dx^2}=\left(e^{-2x}-E\right)\psi ,\quad E_n=-(\tfrac{1}{2}+n)^2,\;n\in \mathbb{Z}\quad \text{(Liouville potential)}. \] \[ \frac{d^2\psi}{dr^2}=\left(\frac{l(l+1)}{r^2}-\frac{e^2}{r}+\frac{e^4}{4(l+1)^2}-E\right)\psi,\;l\in \mathbb{Z}\quad E_{ln}=\frac{e^4}{4(l+1)^2}\lambda _{ln}, \] \[ \lambda_{ln}\in \left\{ 1-\left(\frac{l+1}{l+1+n} \right)^2: n\in\mathbb{Z}_+ \right\}\bigcup \left\{ 1-\left( \frac{l+1}{l-n} \right)^2: n\in\mathbb{Z}_+ \right\}\quad\text{(Coulomb potential)}\,. \]