Unique expansions of real numbers

DOI10.1016/J.AIM.2008.12.008zbMATH Open1166.11007arXivmath/0609708OpenAlexW1995483531WikidataQ105533587 ScholiaQ105533587MaRDI QIDQ1016476FDOQ1016476

Authors: Martijn de Vries, V. Komornik 

Publication date: 5 May 2009

Published in: Advances in Mathematics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Abstract: It was discovered some years ago that there exist non-integer real numbers $q>1$ for which only one sequence $(c_i)$ of integers $c_{i}in[0,q)$ satisfies the equality $su{m}_{i=1}^{i}nfty{c}_i{q}^{-i}=1$. The set of such "univoque numbers" has a rich topological structure, and its study revealed a number of unexpected connections with measure theory, fractals, ergodic theory and Diophantine approximation. In this paper we consider for each fixed $q>1$ the set $mathcal{U}_q$ of real numbers $x$ having a unique representation of the form $su{m}_{i=1}^{i}nfty{c}_i{q}^{-i}=x$ with integers $c_i$ belonging to $[0,q)$. We carry out a detailed topological study of these sets. For instance, we characterize their closures, and we determine those bases $q$ for which $mathcal{U}_q$ is closed or even a Cantor set. We also study the set $mathcal{U^{\prime }}_q$ consisting of all sequences $(c_i)$ of integers $c_{i}in[0,q)$ such that $su{m}_{i=1}^{infty}{c}_i{q}^{-i}inmathcal{U}_q$. We determine the numbers $r>1$ for which the map $qmapstomathcal{U^{\prime }}_q$ (defined on $(1,infty)$) is constant in a neighborhood of $r$ and the numbers $q>1$ for which $mathcal{U^{\prime }}_q$ is a subshift or a subshift of finite type.

Full work available at URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/math/0609708

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zbMATH Keywords

Cantor setsubshiftbeta-expansiongreedy expansionThue-Morse sequencesubshift of finite typeunivoque sequenceunivoque numberstable base

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Radix representation; digital problems (11A63) Special sequences and polynomials (11B83) Symbolic dynamics (37B10)

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Cited In (70)

• Unique double base expansions
• On the smallest base in which a number has a unique expansion
• Hausdorff dimension of frequency sets of univoque sequences
• Hausdorff dimension of univoque sets of self-similar sets with complete overlaps
• Univoque numbers and automatic sequences
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