Unique expansions of real numbers

Abstract: It was discovered some years ago that there exist non-integer real numbers

q > 1

for which only one sequence

(c_{i})

of integers

c_{i} i n [0, q)

satisfies the equality

s u m_{i = 1}^{i} n f t y c_{i} q^{- i} = 1

. The set of such "univoque numbers" has a rich topological structure, and its study revealed a number of unexpected connections with measure theory, fractals, ergodic theory and Diophantine approximation. In this paper we consider for each fixed

q > 1

the set

m a t h c a l U_{q}

of real numbers

x

having a unique representation of the form

s u m_{i = 1}^{i} n f t y c_{i} q^{- i} = x

with integers

c_{i}

belonging to

[0, q)

. We carry out a detailed topological study of these sets. For instance, we characterize their closures, and we determine those bases

q

for which

m a t h c a l U_{q}

is closed or even a Cantor set. We also study the set

m a t h c a l {U^{'}}_{q}

consisting of all sequences

(c_{i})

of integers

c_{i} i n [0, q)

such that

s u m_{i = 1}^{i n f t y} c_{i} q^{- i} i n m a t h c a l U_{q}

. We determine the numbers

r > 1

for which the map

q m a p s t o m a t h c a l {U^{'}}_{q}

(defined on

(1, i n f t y)

) is constant in a neighborhood of

r

and the numbers

q > 1

for which

m a t h c a l {U^{'}}_{q}

is a subshift or a subshift of finite type.

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