A generalized back-door criterion
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Publication:2352735
Abstract: We generalize Pearl's back-door criterion for directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) to more general types of graphs that describe Markov equivalence classes of DAGs and/or allow for arbitrarily many hidden variables. We also give easily checkable necessary and sufficient graphical criteria for the existence of a set of variables that satisfies our generalized back-door criterion, when considering a single intervention and a single outcome variable. Moreover, if such a set exists, we provide an explicit set that fulfills the criterion. We illustrate the results in several examples. R-code is available in the R-package pcalg.
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Cited in
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- Estimating bounds on causal effects in high-dimensional and possibly confounded systems
- A local method for identifying causal relations under Markov equivalence
- The estimated causal effect on the variance based on the front-door criterion in Gaussian linear structural equation models: an unbiased estimator with the exact variance
- An unbiased estimator of the causal effect on the variance based on the back-door criterion in Gaussian linear structural equation models
- Some considerations on the back door theorem and conditional randomization
- Sufficient dimension reduction for average causal effect estimation
- Characterization of causal ancestral graphs for time series with latent confounders
- Separators and adjustment sets in causal graphs: complete criteria and an algorithmic framework
- Exact variance formula for the estimated mean outcome with external intervention based on the front-door criterion in Gaussian linear structural equation models
- Variance formulas for estimated mean response and predicted response with external intervention based on the back-door criterion in linear structural equation models
- Estimating possible causal effects with latent variables via adjustment and novel rule orientation
- Complete graphical characterization and construction of adjustment sets in Markov equivalence classes of ancestral graphs
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