Spectra and semigroup smoothing for non-elliptic quadratic operators

General topics in linear spectral theory for PDEs (35P05) Spectrum, resolvent (47A10) One-parameter semigroups and linear evolution equations (47D06) Pseudodifferential operators (47G30)

Abstract: We study non-elliptic quadratic differential operators. Quadratic differential operators are non-selfadjoint operators defined in the Weyl quantization by complex-valued quadratic symbols. When the real part of their Weyl symbols is a non-positive quadratic form, we point out the existence of a particular linear subspace in the phase space, intrinsically associated to the Weyl symbols, called a singular space, such that when the singular space has a symplectic structure, the associated heat semigroup is smoothing in every direction of its symplectic orthogonal complement. When the Weyl symbol of such an operator is elliptic on the singular space, this space is always symplectic and we prove that the spectrum of the operator is discrete and can be described as in the globally elliptic case. We also describe the large time behavior of contraction semigroups generated by these operators.

Review text

In this paper, the authors study spectral and semigroup properties for pseudodifferential operators defined by the Weyl quantization formula \[ q(x,\xi)^{w}u(x)=\frac{1}{(2 \pi)^{n}}\int_{\mathbb{R}^{2n}}e^{i(x-y)\cdot\xi} q \biggl(\frac{x + y}{2},\xi\biggl)u(y) \,dy \,d\xi \] for some symbols \(q(x,\xi)\), \((x,\xi)\in\mathbb{R}^{n}\times\mathbb{R}^{n}\), which are complex-valued quadratic forms. First, it is pointed out the existence of a linear subspace \(S\) in \(\mathbb{R}_{x}^{n}\times\mathbb{R}_{\xi}^{n}\), called a singular space, which is defined in terms of the Hamilton map of the Weyl symbol \(q\), such that when \(S\) has a symplectic structure, the associated heat equation \[ \frac{\partial u}{\partial t}-q(x,\xi)^w u=0 \] with \(u(t,\cdot)/_{t=0}=u_{0}\in L^{2}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\) is smoothing in every direction of the orthogonal complement \(S^{\sigma \bot}\) of \(S\) with respect to the canonical symplectic form \(\sigma\) in \(\mathbb{R}^{2 n}\). The second result concerns the structure of the spectra for the considered pseudodifferential operators. It is proved that, if the real part of \(q\) is a non-positive quadratic form and if \(q\) is elliptic on \(S\), then the spectrum of the quadratic pseudodifferential operator \(q (x,\xi)^{w}\) is only composed of eigenvalues of finite multiplicity, and \(\sigma (q (x,\xi)^{w})\) coincides with the set of all points represented in the form \(\sum_{\lambda} (r_{\lambda} + 2 k_{\lambda})(-i \lambda)\), where the sum is taken over all \(\lambda \in \sigma (F)\) such that \(-i \lambda \in \mathbb{C}_{-} \cup (\sum (q \mid s)\backslash \{ 0 \})\), \(F\) is the Hamilton map associated to the quadratic form \(q\), \(r_{\lambda}\) denotes the dimension of the space of generalized eigenvalues of \(F\) in \(\mathbb{C}^{2 n}\) belonging to the eigenvalue \(\lambda \in \mathbb{C}\), \(\sum(q\mid S)=\overline{q (S)}\), and \(\mathbb{C}_{-}=\{z\in \mathbb{C}:\text{Re} z < 0 \}\). The large time behavior of contraction semigroups generated by \(q (x,\xi)^{w}\) is also investigated. The corresponding results are the following. If \(f\) is a complex-valued quadratic form with a non-positive real part and if its singular space \(S\) has a symplectic structure, then the following assertions are equivalent. (i) The norm of the contraction semigroup generated by the operator \(q (x,\xi)^{w}\) decays exponentially in time, i.e., \[ \| e^{t q (x,\xi)^{w}} \|_{\mathcal{L} (L^{2})} \leq M e^{-a t} \quad (t \geq 0) \] for some \(M > 0\) and \(a > 0\). (ii) The real part of the symbol \(q\) is a nonzero quadratic form, i.e., there exists \((x,\xi)\in\mathbb{R}^{2n}\) such that \(\text{Re}q(x,\xi)\neq 0\). (iii) The singular space \(S\) is distinct from the whole phase space \(\mathbb{R}^{2 n}\).

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