Invariant varieties for polynomial dynamical systems

DOI10.4007/ANNALS.2014.179.1.2MaRDI QIDQ2436023zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Alice Medvedev, T. J. Scanlon

Publication date 21 February 2014

Published in Annals of Mathematics. Second Series (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/0901.2352

zbMATH Keywords

algebraic dynamicsdifference fieldspolynomial decompositions

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Automorphisms of surfaces and higher-dimensional varieties (14J50) Dynamics of complex polynomials, rational maps, entire and meromorphic functions; Fatou and Julia sets (37F10) Arithmetic and non-Archimedean dynamical systems involving polynomial and rational maps (37P05) Dynamical systems over global ground fields (37P15)

Abstract: We study algebraic dynamical systems (and, more generally, $sigma$-varieties) $Phi:{mathbbA}_{mathbbC}^{n}o{mathbbA}_{mathbbC}^n$ given by coordinatewise univariate polynomials by refining a theorem of Ritt. More precisely, we find a nearly canonical way to write a polynomial as a composition of "clusters". Our main result is an explicit description of the (weakly) skew-invariant varieties. As a special case, we show that if $f(x)inmathbbC[x]$ is a polynomial of degree at least two which is not conjugate to a monomial, Chebyshev polynomial or a negative Chebyshev polynomial, and $Xsubseteq{mathbbA}_{mathbbC}^2$ is an irreducible curve which is invariant under the action of $(x,y)mapsto(f(x),f(y))$ and projects dominantly in both directions, then $X$ must be the graph of a polynomial which commutes with $f$ under composition. As consequences, we deduce a variant of a conjecture of Zhang on the existence of rational points with Zariski dense forward orbits and a strong form of the dynamical Manin-Mumford conjecture for liftings of the Frobenius. We also show that in models of ACFA${}_0$, a disintegrated set defined by $sigma(x)=f(x)$ for a polynomial $f$ has Morley rank one and is usually strongly minimal, that model theoretic algebraic closure is a locally finite closure operator on the nonalgebraic points of this set unless the skew-conjugacy class of $f$ is defined over a fixed field of a power of $sigma$, and that nonorthogonality between two such sets is definable in families if the skew-conjugacy class of $f$ is defined over a fixed field of a power of $sigma$.

Review text

This work is concerned with the algebraic dynamical systems obtained by iterating coordinatewise a finite sequence of univariate polynomials over the complex numbers. The aim is an explicit description of the algebraic varieties that are invariant under such maps. This is achieved by representing polynomials as composition of indecomposable polynomials, which are regrouped into `clusters', determined by combinatorial properties. From this (nearly canonical) decomposition, compositional identities are easily derived. By considering a weaker form of skew-invariance for varieties, the authors import techniques from the model theory of difference fields (which also provides motivations for this work). The original problem is thus reduced to the characterisation of the affine plane curves that are skew-invariant, in the case in which the polynomials involved are of a particular type (`disintegrated' polynomials). This work may be viewed as a refinement of the classic work of \textit{J. F. Ritt} [Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 23, 51--66 (1922; JFM 48.0079.01)] on compositional identities among polynomials, and of a related recent development by \textit{M. E. Zieve} and \textit{P. Müller} [``On Ritt's polynomial decomposition theorems, Preprint, \url{arXiv:0807.3578}]. Applications to algebraic dynamics include the proof of variants of two conjectures by \textit{S.-W. Zhang} [in: Essays in geometry in memory of S. S. Chern. Somerville, MA: International Press. 381--430 (2006; Zbl 1207.37057)].

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