Minimal surface representations of virtual knots and links
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Publication:2571355
Abstract: Kuperberg [Algebr. Geom. Topol. 3 (2003) 587-591] has shown that a virtual knot corresponds (up to generalized Reidemeister moves) to a unique embedding in a thichened surface of minimal genus. If a virtual knot diagram is equivalent to a classical knot diagram then this minimal surface is a sphere. Using this result and a generalised bracket polynomial, we develop methods that may determine whether a virtual knot diagram is non-classical (and hence non-trivial). As examples we show that, except for special cases, link diagrams with a single virtualization and link diagrams with a single virtual crossing are non-classical.
The authors study virtual links considered as links in a surface cross an interval \(\Sigma \times I\) (where the genus of \(\Sigma\) is greater than or equal to the virtual genus of the virtual link), using the surface bracket polynomial. They obtain results about virtual links which differ from classical links by only one virtual crossing or one virtualization (i.e., replacing a classical crossing with the opposite crossing sandwiched between two virtual crossings). In particular, some sufficient conditions are found for such links to be non-classical. A Kishino knot and some related virtual knots are analyzed using the surface bracket polynomial, and the paper concludes with a non-classicality result for a class of virtual links which differ from classical links by two virtualizations.
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