Eventual domination for linear evolution equations

DOI10.1007/S00209-021-02721-XMaRDI QIDQ2664642zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Jochen Glück, Delio Mugnolo

Publication date 17 November 2021

Published in Mathematische Zeitschrift (Search for Journal in Brave)

Copyright license Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.13057

zbMATH Keywords

eventual domination eventual positivity strongly continuous semigroups

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Banach lattices (46B42) Positive linear operators and order-bounded operators (47B65) One-parameter semigroups and linear evolution equations (47D06)

Abstract: We consider two

C_{0}

-semigroups on function spaces or, more generally, Banach lattices and give necessary and sufficient conditions for the orbits of the first semigroup to dominate the orbits of the second semigroup for large times. As an important special case we consider an

L^{2}

-space and self-adjoint operators

A

and

B

which generate

C_{0}

-semigroups; in this situation we give criteria for the existence of a time

t_{1} g e 0

such that

e^{t B} g e e^{t A}

for all subsequent times

t g e t_{1}

. As a consequence of our abstract theory, we obtain many surprising insights into the behaviour of various second and fourth order differential operators.

Review text

A Banach lattice is a lattice that is at the same time a Banach space with a norm satisfying \(|x| \le |y| \Rightarrow \|x\| \le \|y\|\). The primary examples are \(L^p\) spaces and spaces of continuous functions. If \(\{e^{tA}: t \ge 0\}\) and \(\{e^{tB}: t \ge 0\}\) are \(C_0\) semigroups, then the second dominates the first if \[ |e^{tA}f| \le e^{tB}|f|. \tag{1} \] The semigroup \(\{e^{tA}: t \ge 0\}\) is positive if \[ f \ge 0 \ \Rightarrow \ e^{tA}f \ge 0. \tag{2} \] If this inequality only holds for sufficiently large \(t\), then the semigroup is eventually positive. Likewise, if (1) holds for sufficiently large \(t\), then \(\{e^{tB}: t \ge 0\}\) eventually dominates \(\{e^{tA}: t \ge 0\}\). Finally, if (1) holds for \(t \ge t_0\) independent of \(f\), the semigroup's eventual positivity is uniform; likewise, if (2) holds for \(t \ge t_0\) independent of \(f\), then the eventual domination relation is uniform. As a motivation, the authors introduce two examples. One is the heat equation \[ u_t(t, x) = u_{xx}(t, x) \] in \(L^2(0, 1)\) with two types of boundary condition: \begin{align*} \text{Dirichlet-Neumann condition:}\quad &u(t, 0) = 0, \ u_x(t, 1) = 0\;\; (t \ge 0) \tag{3} \\ \text{Periodic:}\quad &u(t, 0) = u(t, 1), \ u_x(t, 0) = u_x(t, 1)\;\;(t \ge 0) \tag{4} \end{align*} If \(A\) (resp., \(B\)) is the Laplacian with conditions (3) (resp., with conditions (4)), then neither semigroup dominates the other; however, we have \(e^{tB}f \ge e^{tA}f\) for \(f \ge 0\), \(t \ge t_0\). In the other example, \(\Omega\) is an \(m\)-dimensional domain, \(B = \Delta\) is the Dirichlet Laplacian and \(A = 2B\). The results in this paper are on characterization of eventual domination in terms of assumptions involving the spectrum, smoothing properties, and eventual positivity of the operators \(A, B\) involved.

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