Riemann--Hilbert analysis for Jacobi polynomials orthogonal on a single contour

DOI10.1016/J.JAT.2005.02.004MaRDI QIDQ557550zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Andrei Martínez Finkelshtein, Ramón Orive

Publication date 30 June 2005

Published in Journal of Approximation Theory (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/math/0410320, https://hdl.handle.net/10835/1641

zbMATH Keywords

Riemann-Hilbert characterizationsteepest descent method

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Asymptotic representations in the complex plane (30E15) Boundary value problems in the complex plane (30E25)

Abstract: Classical Jacobi polynomials $$, with $$, have a number of well-known properties, in particular the location of their zeros in the open interval $(-1,1)$. This property is no longer valid for other values of the parameters; in general, zeros are complex. In this paper we study the strong asymptotics of Jacobi polynomials where the real parameters $$ depend on $n$ in such a way that ${\displaystyle }$ lim_{n oinfty}frac{alpha_{n}}{n}=A, quad lim_{n oinfty}frac{�eta_{n}}{n}=B, ${\displaystyle }$ with $A,BinmathbbR$. We restrict our attention to the case where the limits $A,B$ are not both positive and take values outside of the triangle bounded by the straight lines A=0, B=0 and $A+B+2=0$. As a corollary, we show that in the limit the zeros distribute along certain curves that constitute trajectories of a quadratic differential. The non-hermitian orthogonality relations for Jacobi polynomials with varying parameters lie in the core of our approach; in the cases we consider, these relations hold on a single contour of the complex plane. The asymptotic analysis is performed using the Deift-Zhou steepest descent method based on the Riemann-Hilbert reformulation of Jacobi polynomials.

Review text

Aproximately 10 years ago an important breakthrough was made in the construction of tools and methods in the study of asymptotics for orthogonal polynomials with varying weights (cf. [\textit{P. Deift} and \textit{X. Zhou}, Ann. Math. 137, 295--368 (1993; Zbl 0771.35042)]. Reformulating matters in the form of a Riemann-Hilbert problem, several interesting results have been established lately (compare amongst others [\textit{A. B. J. Kuijlaars} and \textit{A. Martinez-Finkelshtein}, J. d'Analyse Math. 94, 195--234 (2004; Zbl 1126.33003)]). Using the new method the authors derive important results on th easymptotic behavior of Jacobi polynomials orthogonal on a contour in the complex plane. In the paper under review the authors consider Jacobi polynomials \[ P^{(\alpha_n,\beta_n)}(z) = 2^{-n}\, \sum_{k=0}^n \binom {n+\alpha_n} {n-k} \binom {n+\beta_n} {k}(z-1)^k(z+1)^{n-k}, \] with varying parameters \(\alpha_n,\,\beta_n\in\mathbf{R}\) satisfying \[ \lim_{n\rightarrow\infty} {\alpha_n\over n}=A,\;\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty} {\beta_n\over n}=B \] with \[ A<0<B,\quad A+B>-1,\quad A\not= -1.\tag \(*\) \] Without going into details concerning auxiliary functions and intermediate results (the interested reader should consult the paper), the main resluts are stated below. 1. If \((A,B)\) satisfies (\(\ast\)), the the monic Jacobi polynomials \(p_n={\widehat P}^{(An,Bn)}_n\) satisfy a) Locally uniformly on \textbf{C}: \[ p_n(z)=\left({G(z)\over \kappa}\right)^n N_{11}(z) \left( 1+{\mathcal O}\left({1\over n}\right)\right). \] b) Explicit formula for the asymptotic behavior away from the cases C2 (\(A<1\), \(A+B>-1\)) and C3 (\(-1<A<0\), \(B>0\)) are given. 2. For a sequence of Jacobi polynomials \((\alpha-n,\beta_n)\) with \((A,B)\) satisfying (\(\ast\)): \textbf{a)} If \((A,B)\) moreover satisfies C2, then the zeros accumulate on an arc \(\Gamma\) and the weak\(*{\ast}\)-limit of the normalized zero counting measures is just \[ d\mu(z)={A+B+2\over 2\pi i}\, {\sqrt{(z-\zeta_1)(z-\zeta_2)}\over 1-z^2}\,dz,\quad z\in\Sigma. \] b) For \((A,B)\) moreover satisfying C3, the statement of 2a holds with \(\Gamma\) and \(\mu\) replced by \(\Gamma_r\cup [\zeta_1,\zeta_2]\) and \(\mu_r\) with \[ d\mu_r(z)={A+B+2\over 2\pi i}\, {\sqrt{(z-\zeta_1)(z-\zeta_2)}\over 1-z^2}\,dz,\quad z\in\Gamma_r \cup (\zeta_1, \zeta_2). \] Here \[ \zeta_{1,2}={B^2-A^2\pm 4\sqrt{(A+1)(B+1)(A+B+1)}\over (A+B+2)^2}, \] and \(\Gamma,\Gamma_r\) arise as critical trajectories of quadratic differentials.

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