S-curves in polynomial external fields
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Publication:2255296
Abstract: Curves in the complex plane that satisfy the S-property were first introduced by Stahl and they were further studied by Gonchar and Rakhmanov in the 1980s. Rakhmanov recently showed the existence of curves with the S-property in a harmonic external field by means of a max-min variational problem in logarithmic potential theory. This is done in a fairly general setting, which however does not include the important special case of an external field given by the real part of a polynomial of degree greater than or equal to 2. In this paper we give a detailed proof of the existence of a curve with the S-property in the external field given by the real part of a polynomial V, within the collection of all curves that connect two or more pre-assigned directions at infinity in which the real part of V grows. Our method of proof is very much based on the works of Rakhmanov on the max-min variational problem and of Mart'inez-Finkelshtein and Rakhmanov on critical measures.
Consider a max-min potential problem with an external field \(\varphi= \mathrm{Re\,} V\) with \(V\) a polynomial of degree \(N\geq 2\): \[ \max_\Gamma \min_{\mathrm{supp} \mu\subset\Gamma \atop \mu(\mathbb{C})=1} \left[\iint\log\frac{1}{|x-y|}d\mu(x)d\mu(y)+\int \varphi(x)d\mu(x)\right]. \] The \(\Gamma\)'s are contours and the minimal Borel probability measure \(\mu\) on \(\Gamma\) is the equilibrium measure in the external field \(\varphi\). The paper shows that this problem has a solution and that it leads to an \(S\)-curve \(\Gamma\), a notion from [\textit{A. A. Gonchar} and \textit{E. A. Rakhmanov}, Math. USSR, Sb. 62, No. 2, 305--348 (1989); translation from Mat. Sb., Nov. Ser. 134(176), No. 3(11), 306--352 (1987; Zbl 0663.30039)], see also [\textit{S. Kamvissis} and \textit{E. A. Rakhmanov}, J. Math. Phys. 46, No. 8, 083505, 24 p. (2005; Zbl 1110.81083)]. The main theorem says that an \(S\)-curve solution \(\Gamma\) can be found in a restricted set of admissible contours, the equilibrium measure is absolutely continuous and is supported on a finite union of analytic arcs that are critical trajectories of a quadratic differential. Geometrically, this means the following. The polynomial \(V\) defines \(N\) directions for which \(\varphi\to\infty\) as \(z\to\infty\) and that lie within areas of the complex plane fanning out from the central point like petals of a flower. The set of admissible contours contains curves that connect at least two points at infinity in these directions and that lie within these \(N\) petals. The same problem was considered in [\textit{M. Bertola}, Anal. Math. Phys. 1, No. 2--3, 167--211 (2011; Zbl 1259.33021)] but with a restrictive vanishing condition on \(\mu\).
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