The Sobolev orthogonality and spectral analysis of the Laguerre polynomials \L_n^-k\ for positive integers k
Orthogonal polynomials and functions of hypergeometric type (Jacobi, Laguerre, Hermite, Askey scheme, etc.) (33C45) Sturm-Liouville theory (34B24) Boundary value problems on infinite intervals for ordinary differential equations (34B40) Orthogonal functions and polynomials, general theory of nontrigonometric harmonic analysis (42C05)
The authors consider the analysis of the classical Laguerre differential expression \[ {l}_{-k}[y](x)={1\over x^{-k}e^{-x}}\left(-(x^{-k-1}e^{-x}y'(x))'+rx^{-k}e^{-x}y(x)\right), \] with \(x\in(0,\infty)\), \(k\in \mathbb{N}\) and \(r\geq 0\) fixed, in several nonisomorphic Hilbert and Hilbert-Sobolev spaces. In one of these spaces, specifically the Hilbert space \(L^2((0,\infty);x^{-k}e^{-x})\), the Glazman-Krein-Naimark theory produces a self-adjoint operator \(A_{-k}\), generated by \({l}_{-k}[\cdot]\), that is bounded below by \(rI\), where \(I\) is the identity operator on \(L^2((0,\infty);x^{-k}e^{-x})\). As a result of a general theory developed by Littlejohn and Wellman, there is a continuum of left-definite Hilbert spaces \(\{ H_{s,-k}=(V_{s,-k},(\cdot,\cdot)_{s,-k})\}_{s>0}\) and left-definite self-adjoint operators \(\{ B_{s,-k}\}_{s>0}\) associated with the pair \((L^2((0,\infty);x^{-k}e^{-x}),A_{-k})\). For \(A_{-k}\) and each of the self-adjoint operators \(B_{s,-k}\), the tail-end sequence \(\{ L_n^{-k}\}_{n=k}^\infty\) of Laguerre polynomials form a complete set of eigenfunctions in the corresponding Hilbert spaces. In [\textit{K. H. Kwon} and \textit{L. L. Littlejohn}, Rocky Mt. J. Math. 28, 547--594 (1998; Zbl 0930.33004)], a Hilbert-Sobolev space \(W_k[0,\infty)\) was introduced in which the entire sequence of Laguerre polynomials is orthonormal. In his paper, the authors construct a self-adjoint operator in this space, generated by the second-order Laguerre differential expression \({l}_{-k}[\cdot]\). The sequence \(\{ L_n^{-k}\}_{n=k}^\infty\) is a complete set of eigenfunctions of this operator.
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