Recurrence relations of exceptional Laurent biorthogonal polynomials
exceptional Laurent biorthogonal polynomialHendriksen-van Rossum polynomialsLaurent biorthogonal polynomialsrecurrence relations
Classical hypergeometric functions, ({}_2F_1) (33C05) Orthogonal polynomials and functions of hypergeometric type (Jacobi, Laguerre, Hermite, Askey scheme, etc.) (33C45) Other special orthogonal polynomials and functions (33C47) Orthogonal functions and polynomials, general theory of nontrigonometric harmonic analysis (42C05)
Laurent polynomials \(\sum_{k=n}^{m} a_{k} z^{k}, a_{k} \in \mathbb{C}, m\leq n\), where \(m\) may be a negative integer number, are studied in the seminal paper [\textit{O. Njåstad} and \textit{W. J. Thron}, Skr., K. Nor. Vidensk. Selsk. 1983, No. 1, 54--91 (1983; Zbl 0643.33011)]. Later on, in [\textit{E. Hendriksen} and \textit{H. van Rossum}, Indag. Math. 48, 17--36 (1986; Zbl 0604.33004)], the authors deal with orthogonal Laurent polynomials (OLP, in short) and a Favard-type theorem is proved for nonsingular sequences. They are also called HR polynomials. Partial denominators of general \(T\)-fractions are OLP. \(T\)-fraction expansions of quotients of hypergeometric functions \(_{2}F_{1}\) as well as confluent cases are obtained therein. In the special case \(_{2} F_{1} (a,1; c;,z)\) a weight function on the unit circle is given for the corresponding OLP.\N\NThese polynomials are also called Askey biorthogonal polynomials on the unit circle and are defined by the following hypergeometric functions, see [\textit{L. Vinet} and \textit{A. Zhedanov}, Forum Math. Sigma 9, Paper No. e68, 28 p. (2021; Zbl 1528.33016)]:\N\[P_{n}(z)=P_{n}(z; \alpha; \beta)= \frac{(\beta)_{n}}{(\alpha+1)_{n}} {}_{2} F_{1} (-n, \alpha+1; 1-\beta-n; z),\]\N\[ Q_{n}(z)= P_{n} (z; \beta; \alpha), n\geq0,\] \Nwhere \(\alpha, \beta\) are real parameters.\N\NExceptional extensions of the above class of Laurent biorthogonal polynomials have been recently presented by the first two authors in [ Stud. Appl. Math. 151, No. 2, 585--615 (2023; Zbl 1535.34026)]. They are constructed through spectral transformations of generalized eigenvalue problems leading to Darboux transformations of them. Thus, four types of exceptional HR polynomials, including state-deletion, state-addition and isospectral cases.\N\NIn the paper under review, the authors analyze the recurrence relations satisfied by the four types of these exceptional Laurent biorthogonal polynomials obtained from a single-step Darboux transformation. More precisely, recurrence relations involving \(3 l_{0}+4\) terms are explicitly given, The parameter \(l_{0}\) corresponds to the degree of the polynomial part in the seed function used in the Darboux transformation. In the proof of these recurrence relations, the backward operator which maps an exceptional polynomial into a classical one plays a significant role. Some illustrative examples of such recurrence relations are provided.
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