An introduction to \(\mathcal{I} \)-characterized subgroups of the circle (Q6956023)

The authors of this thorough and well organized survey on characterized subgroups of the circle group are key contributors to the topic, and actually three of them published a similar survey some years ago. The last years have seen an intense activity on this field, with some relevant generalizations of the original definition, which makes this paper a welcome addition to the existing literature on characterized subgroups.\N\NRecall that a subgroup \(H\) of the circle group \(\mathbb{T}\) is said to be characterized when there is a sequence \((u_n)\) in \(\mathbb{Z}\) with \(H=\{x\in \mathbb{T}: u_nx\to 0 \}.\) The emphasis of this paper is on the notion of \(\mathcal{I}\)-characterized subgroups, which is obtained by replacing in the above definition the usual convergence of the sequence \(u_nx\) by \(\mathcal{I}\)-convergence relative to an ideal \(\mathcal{I}\) of \(\mathbb{N}.\) An ideal is a nonempty family of subsets which is invariant by finite unions and subsets; a sequence \(x_n\) in a topological space \(\mathcal{I}\)-converges to \(x \in X\) if the set of \(x_n\) outside any given neighborhood of \(x\) is an element of \(\mathcal{I}.\)\N\NThe concept of an \(\mathcal{I}\)-characterized subgroup admits as particular cases all the main generalizations of the original definition of a characterized subgroup of \(\mathbb{T}\) that have appeared in the recent years. The authors collect and review all these concepts. In the final sections they analyze and reformulate different abstract properties of ideals with interesting consequences in terms of \(\mathcal{I}\)-characterized subgroups, among them the validity of Eggleston's dichotomy.