Multipermutation solutions of the Yang-Baxter equation
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Abstract: Set-theoretic solutions of the Yang--Baxter equation form a meeting-ground of mathematical physics, algebra and combinatorics. Such a solution consists of a set and a function r:X x X --> X x X which satisfies the braid relation. We examine solutions here mainly from the point of view of finite permutation groups: a solution gives rise to a map from to the symmetric group on satisfying certain conditions. Our results include many new constructions based on strong twisted union and wreath product, with an investigation of retracts and the multipermutation level and the solvable length of the groups defined by the solutions and new results about decompositions and factorisations of the groups defined by invariant subsets of the solution.
A set theoretic solution of the Yang-Baxter equation consists of a set \(X\) and a function \(r: X\times X \longrightarrow X\times X\) satisfying the braid relation. As one can easily see that such a set theoretic solution can be linearly extended to a solution of the Yang-Baxter equation over the vector space \(kX\). Associated to a set theoretic solution \((X,r)\) are several algebraic constructions: the semigroup \(S(X,r)\), the group \(G(x,r)\), the quantum space \(k_{R}[V]=kS(X,r)\), and the permutation group \(\mathcal{G}(X,r)\). In the paper under review, the authors study a special class of solutions \((X,r)\) (so called square-free solutions) where \(X\) is a square-free symmetric set of arbitrary cardinality. They propose a construction of \textit{the strongly twisted union of arbitrary set of disjoint solutions \((X_{i}, r_{i})\)} and use it to decompose a solution and construct new solutions via ``gluing. They show that the group \(\mathcal{G}(X,r)\) acts intransitively on \(X\) whenever \((X,r)\) is a square-free solution with arbitrary cardinality which has either finite multipermutation level or the group \(\mathcal{G}(X,r)\) is abelian; and when \(\mathcal{G}(X,r)\) is indeed abelian, the square-free solution \((X,r)\) is a strongly twisted union of its \(\mathcal{G}(X,r)\)-orbits. They also show that if \((X,r)\) is a square-free solution (of arbitrary cardinality), then the groups \(G(X,r)\) and \(\mathcal{G}(X,r)\) are solvable; and they further determine the upper bounds for the solvable lengths. Finally, they apply these results to study the properties of multipermutation solutions of low level.
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