Complete classification of rational solutions of A₂n-Painlevé systems

Entire and meromorphic solutions to ordinary differential equations in the complex domain (34M05) Painlevé and other special ordinary differential equations in the complex domain; classification, hierarchies (34M55) Nonautonomous Hamiltonian dynamical systems (Painlevé equations, etc.) (37J65)

Abstract: We provide a complete classification and an explicit representation of rational solutions to the fourth Painlev'e equation PIV and its higher order generalizations known as the

A_{2 n}

-Painlev'e or Noumi-Yamada systems. The construction of solutions makes use of the theory of cyclic dressing chains of Schr"odinger operators. Studying the local expansions of the solutions around their singularities we find that some coefficients in their Laurent expansion must vanish, which express precisely the conditions of trivial monodromy of the associated potentials. The characterization of trivial monodromy potentials with quadratic growth implies that all rational solutions can be expressed as Wronskian determinants of suitably chosen sequences of Hermite polynomials. The main classification result states that every rational solution to the

A_{2 n}

-Painlev'e system corresponds to a cycle of Maya diagrams, which can be indexed by an oddly coloured integer sequence. Finally, we establish the link with the standard approach to building rational solutions, based on applying B"acklund transformations on seed solutions, by providing a representation for the symmetry group action on coloured sequences and Maya cycles.

Review text

The authors provide a complete classification of the rational solutions of the Painlevé IV equation and its higher-order hierarchy, known as the $A_{2n}$-Painlevé or Noumi-Yamada system. First, they recall the equivalence between the Noumi-Yamada system and a cyclic dressing chain of Schrödinger operators. Then, they show by a careful investigation of the local expansions of the rational solutions around their poles, that the solutions have trivial monodromy, and therefore they must be expressible in terms of Wronskian determinants whose entries are Hermite polynomials. Next, they use Maya diagrams to classify all the $ (2n + 1)$-cyclic dressing chains and therefore achieve a complete classification. Finally, they connect their results with the geometric approach mastered by the Japanese school, showing a representation for the action of the symmetry group of Bäcklund transformations in terms of Maya cycles and oddly colored integer sequences. The natural extension of this work is to tackle the full classification of the rational solutions to the $A_{2n+1}$-Painlevé systems, which include the Painlevé V and its higher order extensions. This is a very significative work in the study of the solutions of Painlevé IV equation.

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