Conformal loop ensembles: the Markovian characterization and the loop-soup construction
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Publication:1928618
Abstract: For random collections of self-avoiding loops in two-dimensional domains, we define a simple and natural conformal restriction property that is conjecturally satisfied by the scaling limits of interfaces in models from statistical physics. This property is basically the combination of conformal invariance and the locality of the interaction in the model. Unlike the Markov property that Schramm used to characterize SLE curves (which involves conditioning on partially generated interfaces up to arbitrary stopping times), this property only involves conditioning on entire loops and thus appears at first glance to be weaker. Our first main result is that there exists exactly a one-dimensional family of random loop collections with this property---one for each k in (8/3,4]---and that the loops are forms of SLE(k). The proof proceeds in two steps. First, uniqueness is established by showing that every such loop ensemble can be generated by an "exploration" process based on SLE. Second, existence is obtained using the two-dimensional Brownian loop-soup, which is a Poissonian random collection of loops in a planar domain. When the intensity parameter c of the loop-soup is less than 1, we show that the outer boundaries of the loop clusters are disjoint simple loops (when c>1 there is almost surely only one cluster) that satisfy the conformal restriction axioms. We prove various results about loop-soups, cluster sizes, and the c=1 phase transition. Taken together, our results imply that the following families are equivalent: 1. The random loop ensembles traced by certain branching SLE(k) curves for k in (8/3, 4]. 2. The outer-cluster-boundary ensembles of Brownian loop-soups for c in (0, 1]. 3. The (only) random loop ensembles satisfying the conformal restriction axioms.
We have at hand an algebra for curves endowed with certain selected properties. A chordal Schramm-Loewner evolution (SLE) is a random non-self-traversing curve in a simply connected domain, joining two prescribed boundary points of the domain; and a conformal loop ensemble (CLE) is a random collection of loops which combine conformal invariance with a natural restriction property suggested by the fact that the discrete analog of this property trivially holds for some discrete models. These CLE ensembles are constructed by two different ways: one is based on SLE and the other one is based on loop-soup.The main purpose of the paper is to show that, to some extent, there is a complete equivalence between SLE and CLE. All these results, which refer to Brownian motion, fractals, percolation, Poisson processes, find their use in the application of conformal field theory to physics.
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