Trajectory tracking control of dynamic non-holonomic systems with unknown dynamics

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The authors study a general mechanical system with nonholonomic constraints of the form \(M(q) \ddot q+C(q, \dot q)\dot q+G(q)+F_{\text{fri}}(\dot q)+F_{\text{dis}}(t) =B(q)\tau+J^T(q)\lambda,\) \(J(q)\dot q=0,\) where \(q=[q_1,\ldots,q_n]^T\) is an n-vector of generalized coordinates, \(M(q)\) is a bounded, positive-definite, symmetric inertia matrix, \(C(q, \dot q) \dot q\) is an \(n\)-vector of centripetal and Coriolis torque, \(G(q)\) is an \(n\)-vector of gravitational torque, \(F_{\text{fri}}(\dot q)\) represents viscous/Coulomb joint frictional forces, \(F_{\text{dis}}(t)\) is bounded external disturbance, \(B(q)\) is an input transformation matrix, \(J(q)\) is a full rank matrix, \(\lambda\) is a Lagrange multiplier (vector), \(\tau\) is a control input (vector), and the superscript \(T\) denotes the transpose of a matrix. The quantities \(M(q),\) \(C(q, \dot q),\) and \(G(q)\) are assumed to be unknown, and the constraint \(J(q)\dot q=0\) is assumed to be completely nonholonomic. Given a differential trajectory \(y(t) \in {\mathbb R}^n\) which satisfies the constraint \(J(q)\dot q=0,\) the tracking problem can be stated as follows: find a feedback control law \(\tau\) such that \(\lim(q-y)=0,\) and \(\lim(\dot q-\dot y)=0\) (both as \(t\rightarrow \infty\)). The main contribution of the paper is a construction of adaptive robust controllers for the above tracking problem. The controllers are of low dimension and no singular points can make the configuration state asymptotically track the desired trajectory. An application to a wheeled mobile robot is presented. Finally, a simulation illustrates the effectiveness of the method.




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